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With computers as versatile and popular as the 64 and the , there’s certainly no shortage of first-rate information and programs to be shared with our readers. A Remarkable Success Story The continuing popularity of the Commodore 64 — as shown most recently in healthy sales of the 64C computer — is a remarkable success story that’s now approaching its fifth anniversary. Introduced in January , the Commodore 64 offered a combination of graphics, sound, and computing power that was remarkable when first an- nounced.

Almost five years later, thousands of Commodore 64 own- ers are still finding new ways to use this versatile machine. What’s more, software compa- nies both big and small have made commitments to condnue produc- ing Commodore 64 software for at least the next couple of years. Not only are these companies finding that the installed base of 64 and 1 28 users is just too big and active to ig- nore, but their own programmers and software designers are now coming out with some of the best 64 software ever produced.

After spending more than four years learning the ins and outs of the Commodore 64 system, these pro- grammers are working wonders that couldn’t have.

Couple that situation with the fact that the Commodore has turned out to be even more success- ful than Commodore officials thought it would be, and you’ve got a terrific environment in which the GAZETTE and its readers can operate. Stay with us— should be an exciting year. Available for Apple II series. Available at leading game and computer stores everywhere Ask for Operator CO.

Books Division; Ottis R. Theobald, Jr. Thompson, Inc. Box , F. Box , Des Moines, I A Include a note in- dicating your preference to receive only your subscripKon. No portion of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher.

Rights to programs developed and submitted by authors are explained in our author contract, unsolicited materials not accepted for publication will be returned if author provides a self-addressed, stamped en- velope.

Where programs are included in an article submission, a tape or disk must accompany the submission. Printed listings are optional, but helpful. Articles should be furnished as typed copy upper and lowercase, please with double spacing. Each article page should bear the title of the article, date, and name of the author.

Publications assumes no responsibility for damages, delays, or fail- ure of shipment in connection with authors’ offer to make tape or disk copies of programs published herein.

From the author of Flight Simulator II comes a new dimension in realism. Jet simulates two fast and maneuverable supersonic jet fighters, a land-based F or a carrier-based F The simulator includes modern electronic flight in- strumentation and the most advanced weaponry available.

Jet’s simulation sophistication, combined with excellent visual attitude references, makes it truly enjoyable to fly. Easy aircraft control coupled with ballistic thrust gives you the kind of aerobatic maneuverability only a modern jet fighter can provide. Jet’s attitude indicator is easy to read no matter what your orientation.

A full- screen out-the-window view helps you get the most out of Jet’s ex- cellent flight controls. And that’s a major consideration when flying at speeds in excess of ivlPH.

With Jet you can fly through either structured or non-structured environments. Engage in a deadly variety of combat missions. Explore the wargame territory, or relax by practicing precision aerobatic maneuvers. New high-performance graphic drivers provide beautifully detailed scenery in either day or night-flight modes. You can look forward, left, right, rearward, or straight up out of the cockpit with a single keypress. The Jet simulator even includes a special view-magnification feature that lets you zoom-in to identify objects or details at a distance.

Jet will run on any Commodore 64 or Commodore 1 28 computer with one disk drive and either color or — monochrome monitor. Commndoro 64 ind Comnxxioro am t Commnrtore Eleclitwi’cs.

Alaska, and Hawaii Editors and Readers Do you have a question or a problem? Have you discovered something that could help other Commodore users? We want to hear from you. Box , Greensboro, NC We regret that due to the vol- ume of mail received, we cannot respond individually to programming fuestions.

My problem is I don’t have the knowledge to write it. What I want to do is patent the idea, and then try and sell it to a software company. Have people done this before? Is there any- thing wrong with trying to do this? If not, how do I go about getting a patent for my idea? Paul Rapnikas Many software companies buy programs from outside programmers or develop- ment teams, but most wouldn’t be very re- ceptive to buying an idea for a program.

It would be tike sending an inquiry to a book publishing company asking if they’d like an idea for a story which one of their au- thors could write. You could copyright the game, but only after writing the program.

Only a creative original work a story, a song, a computer program can be copyrighted. An idea cannot. One thing you might consider is teaming up with a friend loho could make your idea a reality. Or you could continue to program and hope that eventually you’ll have the skills to write the game yourself Listing A Program To The Printer I wrote a short program and would like to print it out after I run it, but I don’t know how.

Could you tell me how to print my program? Martha L. CMD transfers output to the previously opened channel, so the listing is sent to the printer instead of to the screen. I’d like to place a copy of the menu on the front of each month’s disk envelope.

Also, can you return to the disk menu program from a program without reloading? LN Lambprice A disk directory can be loaded and listed as if it were a program file. If you’d prefer to see just the programs for the 64, type in the followiiig short program, which reads the contents file on the disk and prints it to the screen.

First, the original idea for the Disk was to provide exact copies of programs as they’re listed in the maga- zine. The magazine listings don’t return to a menu, so we’d have to make changes to the programs on the Disk.

In some cases this would be simple enough, but other programs especially ML games and utili- ties rely on special programming tech- niques thai add wedges, introduce interrupts, or move memory around. Before returning to the menu, the program would have to undo the various changes that had been made to the computer.

Another factor is that many subscrib- ers to the Disk make backup copies — games on one disk, utilities on another, and so on. A retum-to-menu command would generate error messages if the pro- gram ivas run from a disk that didn’t con- tain the menu program. In the case of ML programs, it would be difficult for some of our readers to remove or rewrite the por- tion of the program that reloaded the menu.

Adding the option of returning to the disk menu would please some subscribers, but it would displease many others. Two of the commands deal with a buff- er. Please explain how to insert text into the buffer and how to use these commands. Chip Mattson SpeedScript ‘s erase command automati- cally activates the buffer. Whatever you erase is temporarily saved in the buffer.

The buffer can be used in two ways. If you accidentally erase more than you wanted to, you can immediately retrieve it. With Timeworks you get more than soKware. Plus, you get: « Quick access to Important informa- tion. Items can be easily retrieved and printed by name, index code, date range, amount range, or any category of information stored in the system. Allows the use of minimum and maximum values, averages, sums. Integers, absolute values, and exponen- tial notation.

C TImowoiks. All Rlgnts Raserved. Also, some but not ai! The text in the buffer will remain there until you use CTRL-E again, at which point the buffer is zeroed and the newly erased text begins to fill it.

When you ‘re erasing large portions of a document, you may reach a point where there’s no more room in the buffer. You can then resume erasing. Readers R. Thanks for your letters. Moving Files Around How can! David Marz First, the asterisk doesn’t always load the first program on a disk.

If you have just loaded or saved a program and then type LOAD” “”,8 you’ll load the most recently accessed file— not the first on the disk. This is hattdy if you accidentally scratch a program.

Finally, channel 15 IS closed. The reference books I own have very sketchy infor- mation. Any help would be appreciated. An ar- ray is basically a numbered list of variables. The array has a single name, like a variable, but it is followed by an In- dex number in parentheses.

Arrays are useful in a wide variety of applications. You can creaie arrays to contain strings or numbers, and they may have one or more dimensions. From the program listing you sent, it looks like you understand how to use ordi- nary variables. And there are sections of the program that would benefit from the use of arrays. This is a situation that could be handled very nicely with an array. Note that line 12 uses a variable in- stead of a number in parentheses.

You can put either a number or a numeric variable “in parentheses. Let’s say you want to keep weekly scores for each of the bowlers on the team. The number of bowlers NB runs doivn the left side, and the number of weeks NW runs across the top. There are two problems in the line that’s giving you the error message. The first is that DIM should be followed by the array name and parentheses containing the size of the array see the examples above.

Another, more serious, mistake is that there are several DIM statements sprinkled throughout the program. An ar- ray can be dimensioned only once. A common practice is to put all DIM statements at the beginning of a program or in a subroutine that’s called only once.

Exception To The Rule? In one of your programs, you used neg- ative numbers in DATA statements. How does this work? Mailing Lists, Catalogs and many more. Greater Thun. Less Than, Not Equal To. Match Anywhere. Learn to type at your own pace!

M Mural Sltrft. Hit hmond Hill, nmirlii, tanadi. S’i MMillMilM. Simplified, streamlined spreadsheet program with “What If? Installment Payment. Income Tax, Balance.

Sheet, Stock Portfolio, Materials Estimator, and many more. As such. Performance: excellent Value: excellent. All three HomePuk programs work together so it ‘s easy to transfer data and perform integrated tasks. No matter what the sport, we hiave become a notion conscious of performing to win.

We spend tiours training, procticing, competing. Ttie Body I ink System provides instantaneous feedback on ttie exact manner in wtiich your muscles are performing, enabling you to corect your swing or refine your pitcti wfiile still in motion. Bodylink allows a true two-way conversation between you and your body, giving you ttie winning edge. A Healthier and More Productive You.

Medicol authorities now consider stress a major tieolth risk which may result in migraines, ulcers, bock pain and heort attacks. With Bodylink you have within reoch o powerful stress reduction system. Bodylink allows you to focus on physical signs of stress such as muscle tension and skin temperature.

By using this feedback, Bodylink quickly and effectively teaches you to reduce stress for o healthier and happier life. Getting in Shape. More Effectively Home exercise now becomes exciting and more effective. With Bodylink you can be sure you are exercising for maximum benefit While using the cordio exercise packoge, Bodylink monitors your heort rate and helps you determine the ideal level you need for aerobic gain. With the muscle development package, Bodylink guides you to do muscle developing exercises correctly and effectively.

Bodylink motivates you to work border if you are not reaching your target level, or helps you slow down if you ore working too hard. You don’t even need a disk drive to save youi date. You simply place the sensor ogalnst the part of your body to tie moni- tored and watch the result on your TV screen.

Carnimoctore is a registered tradpmtrk of Ctjmmocrofe Ele-clronlcs Lfrnlsed. Payment must accompany sutjiotoi order. Call for More Information and our product catalogue 91 or 1 1. Make checks payable to Bodylog, Inc.

Signature- Expires. Wl p[. All three of these require numbers to be POKEd into memory. An individual byie of memory can hold a number i;; the range , so in a sense you’re right. If the data is names of people or bowling scores, the rule doesn’t apply. I have a program to control a loan busi- ness. Each account is kept as a sequen- tial file. The individual file lengths vary from account to account, and it’s some- times necessary to ascertain how much space is available on the disk.

It would not do to suddenly run out of space. Could you provide a BASIC sub- routine that would allow me to read at any time the number of blocks free on a disk? How can I write a program that detects collision between a certain sprite and a certain background charac- ter in machine language? Say a pro- gram that checks for collision between sprite one and the letter R and a colli- sion between sprite two and the letter A.

Another question, I have a game that displays 16 colors in bitmap hi- res mode. How is this done? All you really knoiv is that a certain sprite happened to hit a character. You can’t de- termine which character loas hit unless you PEEK the horizontal and vertical lo- cations x and y coordinates of the sprite, translate thetn into the equivalent row and column on the screen, and then PEEK screen memory in that vicinity.

To answer your second question, there are several ways to set up a lu-res screen. The first is true hi-res, lohere you can turn on or off 64, picture elements pixels arranged in a pattern of pixels across X pixels down. Since a byte of memory contains eight bits, it can hold enough infortnation io control eight pixels on the hi-res screen.

Thus, bytes are required to bitmap a standard hi-res screen. Color memory is also important. When you set up a hi-res screen, bytes are set aside for color memory.

Within each 8X8 section, you’re allowed only two colors not count- ing sprites that might be moving around. But each section is independent of the oth- er sections. So, for example, you could have an 8 X 8 chunk of the screen with a blue background and white pixels next to a section thai has a red background loith gray pixels.

Each 8X8 area can contain only two colors, but the colors are inde- pendent of colors that might appear in other 8X8 areas. Another method to set up a bit- mapped screen is to use multicolor hi-res, if you choose to use multicolor mode which could be called medium-res , you trade half the horizontal resolution in re- turn for two additional colors.

Instead of X , the screen has double- width pixels X lines. Each pixel re- quires two bits binary 00, 01, 10, or 21 to define the color. Color memory stilt con- trols an 8 X 8 section of the screen, but the pixels are twice as wide, so you really have only a4 X 8 area to work in.

The 32 pixels can contain one of four different colors. Again, the separate sections of the screen are independent of each other, al- though one of the colors is universal. Some screens that seem to be hi-res actually use custom characters. Each character can have an individual fore- ground color based on the number in color memory in addition to a background color shared among all characters.

Multi- color characters can have an individual foreground color plus two other common colors in addition to the background. Characters can also be displayed in extettded background color mode, which reduces by a factor of four the number of available characters 64 instead of , but multiplies by four the number of back- ground colors.

You can then choose one of the 16 available colors for the character in the foreground and one of four background colors for the rest of the 8X8 character grid. Pictures On Disk I recently purchased a Commodore One of the main reasons 1 chose the is because 1 heard of its easy-to- use graphics capabilities that are acces- sible from BASIC, I have written many hi-res programs and wish to save just the pictures to disk, preferably with the BSAVE command.

Is this possible? How could 1 do it? BLOAD and BSAVE were intended primarily for machine language programs, but they can also be used to load and save hi-res pictures, sprite shapes, character sets, function key definitions, and so on. After i booted it for the first time and before I copied it, 1 managed to “nuke” the disk. Now, the first side still boots up, but the second side gives me a disk error and prints a whole bunch of question marks.

What happened to my disk and how can! You must turn on the computer or type BOOT while side one is in the disk drive. When the second side is in the drive, type DIR to see if you can get a directory. Then type DIR again. You’ll not only make their holidays happy, you’ll spread cheer all year. Because they’ll re- member your thoughtfulness every time they receive another fresh and exciting issue. Think of the people on your gift list and, don’t forget yourself! Computel’s Gazette will bring them up to 20 all-new, action- packed programs each month — plus reviews, updates, analysis and more.

It’s so easy to give a gift of Computel’s Gazette. At this Happy Holiday rate, you can afford to make a lot of people happy — and wrap up your holiday shop- ping fast!

An attractive gift card comes with each gift subscription, happy Holidays to you. Special holiday Package Make that extra-special person extra happy. See the DKl li- censing agreement that came with the disk. It says that defects in the media meaning a disk that doesn’t work are covered and you can return the disk for a replacement. Addressing Envelopes I have a Commodore 64 with a printer.

I routinely use SpeedScript for letters with tractor-feed paper. I have trouble with regular single sheet paper and I have been unable to type enve- lopes. How do I do this? George A. Clark When you’re using SpeedScript with sin- gle sheets of paper, you should put the page-wait command at the top of the doc- ument.

You’ll be prompted for a format key; type the letter w for “wait between pages”. You may have to set the bottom margin a little higher as well. When a page has printed, SpeedScript will print a line that reminds you to insert he next sheet.

The Commodore printer has a paper sensor that causes the printer to stop when it thinks it has run out of paper. By using the page-wait command, you can avoid most problems caused by the sensor.

The printer won’t print envelopes be- cause of the paper sensor. When you’ve lined up the envelope, the printer thinks it’s out of paper and refuses to continue.

Here’s a way to use your printer to address envelopes: Place a piece of paper between the flap and the main envelope. Carefully pick up the paper and envelope together and insert them top first into the printer. Advance the paper until the top of the envelope shows. The piece of paper you’ve inserted fools the paper sensor into thinking there’s more paper.

Is there a reset command that will leave Fasttoad in place? Brian Johnson We don’t usually respond to programming questions about specific commercial prod- ucts it’s best to address inquiries to the software company that produces the pro- gram , but within a week after we received your letter, two answers appeared in the “Feedback” mailbox, so this must be a common problem. Here they are: The Fastload manual states that the only way to use the car- tridge after it has been deactivated is to turn the 64 off and on again.

The warm start is easy; all it does is re-enable the Fastload com- mands without clearing the screen or erasing any program in memory. Just SYS The cold start is similar to SYS but also en- ables Fastload. Below is a program that does it. The variable S can be set to any value where there are 6 free bytes of memory. Albert H. Cooper, III Thanks to both of you for the answer to this question. These two signals are available on the port labeled RGBI. You can use either a monochrome monitor, also called a green-screen or an amber-screen, or a composite color moni- tor such as the 1 or 1 to obtain 80 columns in monochrome.

For the or , connect the monochrome input to the jack on the rear of the monitor labeled LUMA. Monochrome means one color, but you really have three colors: dark, light, and a gray shade that’s between the wo extremes.

To build your own cable, buy a length of coaxial cable, an RCA male plug, and a standard male nine-pin D connector Ra- dio Shack part The nine-pin connector is the. Pin 1 of the RGBI connector is ground and pin 7 is the monochrome output.

See page of the System Guide for a diagram, I which is arranged as if you were inside the computer looking out. Connect pin 1 to the outside portion of the coaxial cable and pin 7 to the inner wire.

Batteries In- cluded, Microvations, and Cardco have such cables for sale ask your local Com- modore dealer for details. Some Commo- dore dealers also make their own cables.

I am interested in designing my own terminal programs and need infor- mation on this. It is without a doubt the most popular micro- computer protocol for uploading and downloading. Data is sent in blocks of bytes, with a check- sum and other extra information which insures that each block is received correctly. XMODEM transfers always involve eight-bit bytes; if you are using a telecom- munications program, make sure that you are communicating with a word length of eight bits and no parity.

Respectively, they are used to mark the start of a data block SOH , and to indicate when the transmission is com- plete EOT , when a block has been re- ceived successfully ACK , and when an error has occurred in receiving a block NAK. The first 3 bytes of the block are called the header. The next 1 28 bytes contain the ac- tual data being transferred, and the last byte contains a checksum. When the block number exceeds , it flips over to zero not one.

The third byte is he block com- plement, a value equal to the ones com- plement of the block number — the k Thenyin Chosen by Real Pilots s Thetotfghestbvoluatore of flying simulotions aren’t compuler buffs, rhoy’ra actuot pilofs ahd flight pro- Ir. And when ftieso flyers lalk ritjthenficify and roallsm. His conclusion: “this simulalion is one that really does live up to its rool-iite counterparl I find AcBoJn completely absorbing and very oxciling.

We regularty hear from mliito’Vondcommorcial Air-. From iMHicroProse; Ihe Hying simulators chosen not only by computer enthusiasts, but also by real pilofs Atoll X I. Together, the block mm- bermtd complvment alloto both computers to make sure they are synchronized deal- ing with the same block. The data bytes may contain any sort of eight-bit data executable programs as well as ordinary ASCH text.

The checksum is the eight-bit sumof all data bytes. It’s reset to zero at the begin- ning of each block, and flips over to zero whenever it exceeds Sender waits for an initial NAKfrom receiver.

Receiver sends a NAK to initiate the transfer. Transfer of blocks. Sender transmits a bytc block consisting of a one-byle SOH character, one-byte block number, oyie-byte block numlyer complement, bytes of data, and a one-byte checksum.

If the receiver gets the block successfully, if sends an ACK lo say, “I got that block okay; send the next one. Sender transmits an EOT character to signal the end of the trans- mission. Since the transfer is largely automatic, each computer must have a means of aborting the process if too many errors occur.

Sender aborts the transfer if it doesn’t receive an initiating NAK from the receiver after ten lO-second timeouts seconds total. Receiver aborts the transfer if ten second timeouts occur without its receiving an SOH. Triinsfer of block. Sender transmits a byte block, then waits for a response from the receiver. Receiver waits for each block to arrive, sending a NAK every ten seconds if no SOH appears, and abort- ing transfer if ten such timeouts occur for any block. After receiving an SOH, the re- ceiver reduces the timeout interval to one second for each of the remaining bytes in the block, and sends a NAK to request retransmission if more than ten t-second timeouts occur for any single byte this 20 COMPUTEfs Gazette November covers the case where a block contains too few bytes.

If all bytes arrive on time, the receiver sends a NAK if the first byte is not an SOH or if the block number, com- plement, or checksum does not match. If the receiver gets a duplicate block caused when the sender fails to recognize an ACK , it throws away the duplicate and sends an ACK to say, “I got that block al- ready; send the next one. If the sender’s EOT is lost, or the settder simply stops senditig, the re- ceiver eventually aborts because it experi- ences ten second titneouls without receiving anything.

If the sender does not receive the receiver’s final ACK, it aborts when ten second timeouts occur. Note that if the very last black of data contains feuter than bytes, the sender “pads” the block with extra characters, often nulls ASCII 0. Its major limitations arise because, understandably enough, it relies on eight -bit arithmetic.

Programs designed for use with commercial infor- mation services often relax the timittg re- quirements increase the timeout periods as ivell, to allow for the delays caused by telephone packet-switching networks. More recent protocols such as Kermit transmit data in byte or even larger blocks. Video Banks [ am in the process of writing an arcade- style game for the 64 which uses both sprites and hi-res grapliics.

Unfortu- nately, 1 have more than 50 sprite shapes, so the shapes and the hi-res screen cannot be located in block zero. The screen memory and character memory must be moved also.

Do the sprite pointers change from to ? Can you help? Dean Kreutzer The VIC-U video chip handles all graph- ics, including sprites, hi-res screens, char- acter shapes, and screen memory for ordinary characters. If you have a character screen at locations , with sprite pointers at , and you move the video to bank 1, Ihe new sprite pointers will be lo- cated at 1S See details elsewhere in this issue.

And you don’t even have to leave your room. With them, they can bring the world to its knees. TItc U. Using their satellite yon can get into the complex with your computer. AH yon have to do is locate the combina- tions to the safe, find and open it, and get llie documents out. Sounds simple enough. Gii;ird patrols. And something called.. Tlie Annihilator. Plus, your only map is the one you’ve got to make while not being discovered by all of tiie above.

Your hacking skill is the only thing that can get you out. Bon Voyage. Rieific time. Hacker The fJoomsday Papers de. Atari ST and Macintosh computers. Atari and ST are trademarks of Atari Corp. Apple and Macintosh are trademarfcsof Apple Computer. Aetiwsion is the registered trademark of Act ivision. It’s been hap- pening for years in the mainframe and minicomputer environ- ment, and is fast becoming the norm in the microcomputer programming world.

As computers grow more powerful, soft- ware becomes more complex — and programmers often find themselves with too much of a good thing.

Less than ten years later, Crawford is now working on a computer with K of RAM, de- signing a game that will operate only on computers with a minimum of K of memory. That mush- rooming growth in available mem- ory is the trend that Crawford says has most dramatically affected his work and that of every other pro- gram designer today.

Running Away From Us At the same dme that he and other programmers are enjoying this ex- panded memory, Crawford issues a warning: “Basically, the hardware is running away from us,” To understand that cautionary note, consider Crawford’s own his- tory in the programming busi- ness — a tenure that surpasses that of most other programmers in dura- tion and success.

After working in the impossi- ble space of IK in , Crawford moved up to 8K in with his first commercial game, Tatiktics, then jumped to the then unheard- of 16K in with his popular game.

Eastern Front. Another game, Excalibur, was created in to run on a machine with 48K, His re- cent highly acclaimed Balance of Power requires K of memory. And now he’s in the midst of de- signing a game that requires K to operate.

In the days when he had litde RAM to work with, Crawford dis- covered what many other program- mers — professional and amateur hackers alike — have since learned. When you want to squeeze a good program into a small space, you have to write your programs in ma- chine assembly language.

So-called high-level languages like BASIC and Pascal are fairly large programs, which use up a lot of memory themselves. So, Craw- ford and many others studied ma- chine language, and discovered the thrill of communicating one-to-one with the computer.

While the task was not a simple one, the programs were small, fast, and elegant. But when Crawford began to climb up to computers with larger memories, he quickly found a dif- ferent problem. I worked in Pascal. It’s difficult to imagine someone writing a K program in assembly language.

Al- though people do it, it’s very hard. Nature The UK allows microwave expo- Barnothy and J. Biological Effects of Magnetic of an infant found unexpectedly dead alter sure orders of magnitude greater Fields.

Medical Physics 3. Yearbook Pubs.. RF radiation alters the immune system: Modulation than those existing in Russia and of T. In the US, and at levels which have tence by hypenhermic radiation. Radiation Research. Kaune and R. Comparison of the coupling of deaths simply to overheating.

A little -reported study by Nancy Birndecrrnntag netics. Considerable concern has been Yao it:ls et al itals. Health effects of envi- Wertheimer also adds weight to the possi- shown in the five deaths that have ronmental electromagnetic fields.

Binelertricirv, 8 1 : bility’: she found that foetal loss among occurred at the Royal Signals Modem Bioelectricity Dekker. Stanislaw Szmigielski. Marian Bielec et al. Immunologic and more frequently in homes heated by ceil- vern, all from brain tumours, giv- cancer -related aspects of exposure to low-level microwave and radio frequency fields in modem bioelectricity Marino. New York. Since amniotic fluid maintains Physiological mechanisms of action of elec- national average.

The MoD has tromagnetic fields. Bruce Alberts, Dennis Braylitals et a1 itals. Garland Publishing. Reba Goodman. Lin -Xiang Wei et al. Relationship of tran- cases can he eliminated. Ceiling -cable irradiation. Blank and Reba Goodman. Two pathways in the electro- blanket that has been installed in the ceil- exposure from airport radars indi- magnetic stimulation of biosynthesis. BEMS Ilth. AZ Fritz Albert Popp. On the coherence of ultrawcak photon emis- flowing at the outer edges of the cable One residential building within sion from living tissues.

Kilmister ed. Disequilibrium and pattern is unbalanced, just as it is in elec- line -of -sight exposure from radars Self Organisation, D. Fletcher, Anna- Marie Maninezlitalsl et al itals. As a result strong electric at two airfields had a cancer mor- Regulation of cell -cell communication by phosphorylation: a pos- and magnetic fields are generated.

BEMS 11th Ann. Animals seem sensitive to electric control group. Darragh Foley -Nolan, P. In vitro fields, both natural and artificially gener- These. BEMS 11th. Li -Ming Liu et al. Modulation of mammalian cell highly intelligent and fast -reacting crea- suggested link between microwa- proliferation by in vitro isothermal radio -frequency radiation. BEMS 1th Ann. However, they 1. Alcorta itals et al itals. Neoplastically beyond the capability of human beings.

In are supported by a number of solid transformed cells contain few stress fibers. Bawin and W. Ross Adey. Sensitivity of calcium binding they can also he sensitive to EM fields linkage. The results of the studies in cerebral tissue to weak environmental electric fields oscillating at low frequency Prm. Ilerben Frohlich. The biological effects of microwaves and related questions.

Even Wireless World. Neurosciences Rea Frog. Ross Adey and Susanne Bawin. Brain interactions with weak electric and magnetic fields. References MIT Press. The biological action of ultrasound and Raphael EIul. Large regions of the brain can oscillate superhigh frequency electromagnetic fields in the three centimeter coherently.

Aranyi er al. A pilot study of the interaction of Penftels and E. AD Chicago ill.. Brain Search for effects of z Fulton and J. The representation of magnetic fields on live tryglicerides in mice.

Naval Aerospace Res. Cell comp. De Lorge. A psychobiological study of rhesus monkeys Hans Berger. User das Elekirenkephalogram des htenschen. USN Rept. Dietrich Beischer. Grissetgitals et a1 itals. Exposure of Freidrich Cazzrmuli. Repon of high frequency oscillations in man to magnetic fields alternating at ELF Bureau of Medicine and the brain. Grey Walter. The Living Brain. Pelican Books. Krumpe and M. Evaluation of the health of Haider and I.

Protein Synthesis enhanced during of Loudon public school for hoes, and to Report for Naval Research Unit No. Paradoxical sleep. I lansson. The continuing medical surveillance of personnel ly induced by electric fields. Brain Res. Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Naval Aerospace Medical Research Gadsdon and 1.

Emery Fatty change in the brain Library. NAMRL Electromagnetic Man. UK Egon Ecken. Plotzlicher and uncrwancier Tod in 9. Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields Kleinskindesaher and elekiromagnetische Felder. Macfarlane h. Sudden Bridges and M. Biological influences of power Infant Death: Patterns.

Open Books the psychology division , specialising in frequency electric fields. A tutorial review from a physical and Publishing, Somerset IE 69 9 : 1 Frank Barnes. Itoward Wachtel et al. Use of wiring configura- II. Giganielitals el al itals. Reduced mitogenic tions and wiring codes for estimating externally generated electric Currently, Mr Coghill is working as an stimulation of human lymphocytes by extremely low frequency and magnetic fields.

Biaelenrnniugnem s. Ft:BS 1 : Chandralinds et allitals. Sudden infant P Schecter er al. Suppression of T-Iymphocyte death syndrome and water beds.

NEIM Annals of Radiation. Power Transistors. Applications include diagnosis of both hardware and software faults, and investigation of any problems encountered with handshaking protocols. No similar software comes near the price. P free. Henson Ltd. Finchley, and Spice. Age is a new product for the IBM range which provides facilities for transient and Foune analysis as well as D. London, N12 8JG. Ilford, Essex. IG3 9NL. Telephone THE previous articles have ting exposure levels rests with the given an overview of the state Health and Safety Executive HSE who of our published knowledge base these on scientific advice from the regarding possible health NRPB.

They, in turn, take considerable effects of alternating electric notice of advice from the Medical and magnetic fields at low levels. The Board will issue further appear to be evidence for athermal bio- advice as the results and conclusions of logical effects, particularly of magnetic such research and studies become avail- fields, at all levels of biological organi- able, and intends to publish a review of zation.

However, the experimental evi- the existing biological and epidemiolog- dence is often statistically weak and ical evidence in the near future”. The 11 proves difficult to reproduce.

It is not repon was approved in November This list consists mainly j-‘,Tis :Ill iro El tinuous exposure to 50Hz magnetic of lists of other ‘official’ bodies’ reports,.

In r Guidelines has raised this to 2mT. UK one. No explanation is given for this effects of EM fields had been deliberate- change of view. In the UK, the responsibility for set- published its promised literature review. Work in these areas is often funded directly or indirectly by the military or large firms with vested interests.

Controversial work is often classified or just stopped. Let us consider some specific examples. In , Dr Milton Zaret was one of. According to Zaret, exposure to either thermal or non -thermal radia- tion can cause cataracts, which can -tt J remain latent for months or years.

Zaret Lake, Wisconsin, site. When Beischer tried to talk to other US official bodies about this work, he was removed from rl his post as a research team leader at the lJ US Navy’s Pensacola Research Labs and – his previously unclassified work was 4 subsequently classified. Dr Beischer had r , been one of the US Navy’s principal investigators since the late s.

At the time, Becker had been appointed to the civil- ian advisory committee looking at the possible health effects of the Sanguine transmissions.

The frequencies were 45Hz and 75Hz and, after considering – the evidence, the committee unanimous-. Becker’s crime was to establish a clear link between power lines and health hazards. His punishment was sci- entific exile. Now, at 59, he is enjoying a forced early retirement, despite his world- wide reputation for original research work.

Mrs Yannon charged that RCA was responsible for the wrongful death of her husband due to long-term microwave exposure. Yannon died in at the age of 62; in his final months, he lost almost all his sight, memory, speech and motor co- ordination.

The workers’ compensation panel had earlier ruled that “There was a direct causal relationship between Yannon’s exposure to microwave radi- ation during his employment and his subsequent disability, all of which ulti- mately resulted in his death”. Its historical record, however. This is the only study they have published The UK: new houses are built under power lines following up the work of Nancy Wertheimer et al.

Prior to my involve- between childhood cancers and 50Hz York State and Becker found that the ment with this public hearing I was sup- Sweden. Tomenius, first Navy would not admit to possessing ported by several granting agencies to announced in and 60Hz USA their data or the committee report. Ile do my research work. I had access to the Wertheimer et al. Indeed, fy. The power companies. In addition we were subject attributable to power- frequency magnet- cleared electromagnetic fields as provid- to administrative harassment by the ic fields of around nT and above.

The line was given agency for which I was basically work- The Wertheimer and Tomenius stud- the go-ahead. To quote Robert Becker ing. The entire circum- Leeds study and so it would seem sensi-. The as there should have been in the urban background 50Hz magnetic fields were highest field of nT was reported as roans that carried their heavy under- likely to exceed nT.

When the study was pub- the data presented in the report? Firstly transmission line. This agrees with my lished, it showed that people living in that the magnetic fields were only calcu- findings. Public money has not been forth- measured. This was specifically to mounted V street feeder, the magnet- coming to replicate this study. In exclude locally generated fields see ic field at times of high demand is Britain the electricity industries are later.

This com- analysis. I intend to change my heating sys- Energy who. Another cause of Parliament. This exercise in self policing IOOnT.

If we take the highest figure suggest- systems. It should be noted then the researchers were likely to have and part of Lancashire is in progress, that it is usually the governments, state included nine -tenths of a case in their with results expected by the end of authorities or councils who define and survey! The conclusion that “within the same basic methodology and only uses and not the power utilities. The problem gy. The CEGB and NRPB have not tuted condemnation proceedings over John Bonnell, is on record as saying investigated the evidence at all thor- about eight acres of the school land for “At the present time I do not oughly.

See Electromagnetic Man, Ch. If we – ref. There are no Initially, when Dr Stephen Perry from a secondary school. After a long contingency plans to cope with such a started investigating the possible rela- and bitterly fought court case, the jury turn about. The jury from other causes of ill health. Dr Bonnell retired at the the power lines. The study is claimed to have been designed to give power lines a clean bill of all childhood Since then, there have been numer- ous appeals and the line has been shut of health.

It was based on calculated fields from high -voltage power lines to cancer cases in the down for extended periods. In November the Appeals Court exclude the effects of street and house wiring. At the same time, how- power lines, rather than the more rele- power frequency ever, they did agree that the jury had vant 50Hz magnetic fields from high – current domestic wiring.

Since then, more pri- choose whether or not to smoke. It is not vate litigations have followed. The this country. There is also a Final food for thought. I have will be responsible for the distribution “After privatisation, the part of the selected a few that are relatively easy to from I 32kV through to the V CEGB responsible for a transmission obtain and provide an up-to-date point domestic supplies.

If the local distribu- system will form the National Grid from which to start. It makes the Area Boards electro -magnetic fields eminating , Dent, In addition, Currents of Death: Power Lines, present. Smith, one of the leading UK universities and hospitals and Paul Brodeur, pub. Box , flux density within the house. This state- Board. A mine of information! If this turned down.

SIDS accounts for some Bimonthly. His work also UK. It should include Roger Coghill’s work points an power line fields, ELF pulsed-RF fields, accusing finger at the effects of low lev- and electric and magnetic fields generat- Alasdair Philipsis the national contact els of 50Hz fields, especially when pre- ed by computers, VDUs, and other com- for Electronics and Computing for sent in our sleeping areas, affecting all mon pieces of electronic equipment that Peace, a national network of electronics of our immune systems and bodily we live with.

He postulates that this Until the results of this research concerned about the implications of their will gives rise to larger outbreaks of become available, a moratorium should profession.

Coghill’s fields in houses to exceed very cautious- details of the Special Interest Study requests for funding to do a medium – ly set limits. For further details of these and other products in the Thandar range, please send ‘or a catalogue.

PE18 7DX. Telephone Fax ; Telex Test G. Order f5. St Jude’s Rd Engletield Green. I accept your invitation to Please enter your name and address subscribe for only per year. Wireless World every month to my Add your name and address to the coupon, then invite colleagues to complete the rest. The prize in the draw must be won.

The closing date for entries is 30th March and the draw will be conducted on 15th April I enclose payment for! We reserve the right to publish the winner’s name. The draw and prize allocation will be witnessed independently by a Commissioner of Oaths. Surrey SM2 5BR. Desig ers’ E make no pretence that the following guide is comprehensive or that it represents the last word in switched -mode tech- guide to nology.

However, it does enable useful. Most of the devices listed here incor- porate on -chip switching elements which will happily operate to the maximum quoted switching frequency with stability and minimal losses in low -current appli- cations. Nearly all the devices may be used to switch external transistors provid- ed that suitable allowance is made for the extra switching time involved. The increasing appearance in switched -mode power sup- ply design. The so called current mode sophistication of control and switching ICs PWM controllers offer some advantage in makes them easier to use.

Watt for watt, obtaining precise control at high switch- ing frequencies. This feeds an error signal forward to the switch and means that the circuit doesn’t have to wait for major perturba- tions of the main voltage control if VIn ICurrent Loop Try. Changes in input voltage directly affect Clock Zn 2 V the current flowing in the switch inductor. The sense circuit Control NC extends or curtails the existing duty cycle. Voltage mode.

SMPS with a single Current and voltage mode. Monitoring The current loop can only counteract voltage loop relies solely on reference the switch current can terminate the input voltage variations. Changes in load comparison with the convertor mean conduction cycle before inductor satur- current output voltage are handled by output voltage for pulse width control.

Splitting the control loop the voltage control loop common to all This can lead to indictor saturation with also offers tighter control with less SNIPS regulators. It incorporates a built-in current sense 25V Internal resistor for over -current protection. L is a 2A bias version in a 20 -pin DIL package. L is a 3. UC; block diagram. Typical current mode controller chip with single totem – MAX pole output. Max output current mA Ilybrid 7A multimode high efficiency switching Max operating frequency 65kHz regulator.

Input voltage limits The output voltage may he varied Input voltage limits , 10V Mode: Voltage from 5V with only an additional voltage divider. The Input voltage limits 17, 2V Fixed output -voltage inverting switching regula- IlS is similar except for a supply voltage Undervoltage lockout: no tor. The power switch is provided on chip. A low battery comparator is provided Max operating frequency kHz Universal switching regulator subsystem.

It is possible to vary the output voltage Input voltage limits 17, 13V Mode: Voltage by using an external voltage divider. The power Undervoltage lockout: yes Output type: totem pole I switch is provided on chip.

It includes a low battery indicator circuit. Soft start facility: yes Max output current 10 mA The power switch is on -chip. With the ability to create and save your own symbols? That can be used with either cursor keys or mouse?

Which outputs to dot matrix printer, pen -plotter or photo -plotter via bureaux? Where you can learn how to use it in around an hour? Amstrad , , R. Nenies ‘. Number One Systems Ltd Software updates are free within 6 months of purchase date. Better tools – a.. For simplified operation trical applications -especially field For full information on the and quick tuning the IC -R features direct keyboard entry.

Precise frequencies maintenance and repair. By depressing the Auto -M switch the IC-R automatically memorises frequencies in use whilst it is in the achieved Whin 60 seconds. XS W. Available in or Ieom UK Ltd. I 24 volt. For Wales and the West contact: M. Communications Ltd. Fax: Please send me full details of the full range of Antes soldering products.

This is a widely used, versatile device which may be operated in either voltage or current mode. B Programmable off-line PWM controller. S Max operating frequency kHz Input voltage limits Voltage mode control with double totem -pole output. Similar to UC but includes a number of refinements.

Very flexible device with protection Output type: uncommitted transistor 2 MC and monitoring circuitry for most applications. This device does not Input voltage limits 42, OV Output type: uncommitted transistor I feature an undervoltage lockout but in other ways Undervoltage lockout: no Max output current mA is very similar.

Soft start facility: no Max output voltage 40V Max operating frequency kHz Two error amplifiers are provided along with a Input voltage limits The UC supersedes this Max output current mA Output type: uncommitted transistor 2 device for new designs.

Predecessor to TL This device is a relatively simple general purpose controller. This device contains two op -amps with their out- Output type: uncommitted transistor 2 Mode: Current puts or-ed so that the one with the greatest output Max output current mA Output type: totem pole 2 voltage controls the output pulse -width.

All the usual protection circuitry is includ- T output 1 ed. WM Power Voltage inv. Voltage N. Current Current Ni. Current output Mode: Voltage Sof! Input voltage limits 40, 7V only in series Undervoltage lockout: yes Soft start facility: no. SG block diagram. This current mode controller chip will operate at a This is a modified SGB with uncommitted maximum switching frequency of 2MHz.

Note the transconductance- UC Output type: totem pole 2 type error amplifier which has an output Max output current mA impedance of approximately 4M Regulating PWM circuit. Max operating frequency k1 lz Mode: Voltage Input voltage limits Undervoltage lockout: yes the circuitry required to control a power-supply Mode: Voltage Soft start facility: yes using a half or full bridge configuration.

Output type: totem pole 2 Max output current mA This device is an improved version of SG Max operating frequency kHz featuring much faster shutdown and a more accu- TL rate voltage reference along with other enhance- Input voltage limits 35, 8V Undervoltage lockout: yes ments.

Mode: Voltage SG This device is a widlely used control chip. Input voltage limits 35, 8V This device contains a 39V zener diode so that the Undervoltage lockout: yes Mode: Voltage device can provide a housekeeping supply by Soft start facility: yes Output type: open collector I using the diode as a shunt regulator.

A pulse steer- Max output current mA ing input which can be used to inhibit operation is This device contains all the control and protection Max output voltage 30V provided. Max operating frequency 75kHz Input voltage limits This device is designed for battery operation. A Mode: Voltage low battery comparator and output are provided. Motorola programming guide and comprehensive cross assembler user manual Francis Way, Bowthorpe Industrial Estate, Norwich.

Reactive components Those Engineers have a reputation for supplying the best value -for -money in microcom- may be pre charged to steady-state con- puter -based circuit simulation software. Up to 13 voltage generators and Advanced Graphics Environment AGE package offers in ease -of -use, performance, 1 current generators may be connected.

Up to 4 probe nodes are allowed, and simultaneous Module -Frequency response Module 3 -Transient analysis 1 Impulse response of low pass filter plots permit easy comparison ol results.

Module 2 -DC quiescent analysis Module 4 -Fourier analysis transient analysis Frequency response : 1 Fourier analyses -. It first solves for circuit qulesc- forms on transient analysis data. This – -. This essential con- cept is featured in all Those Engineers sis waveforms for the most prevalent ire- quency components amplitude is plotted – ‘.

Functions as a simple spectrum analyser for snapshot of Iran-. A’probe node feature allows the output nodes to be changed. Output may be either dB or volts; the zero transient analysis data and handles up to data values. Allows examination of waveform through different windows.

Non-linear compo- 1 I. The disk library of network Software. This type of A good range of properly supported and proven programs is analysis is ideal for confirming bias condi- available and our expert staff are at your service. Tabular results are given for each node: t Telephone: Charles Clarke on the reference node is user-selectable. DC conditions within model of 74 for a demonstration disk. NES Klock diagram. So vvhen Lee needs to project in- ventory costs, or Brian wants to figure employee bonuses, the first tiling they do is load up geoCalc.

Witli geoCalc, you get columns and rows to fill with all kinds of text and numbers. And formulas that range from simple addition to arctangents and cosines that could knock any physicist cold. IS Berkeley There are investment functions. Even a random immber generator.

And writing your own formulas is as easy as, umm With mouse in hand, you can zip all over the huge spreadsheet, solving “what if ‘ questions with a few quick clicks. Questions like, “If Sheila takes the waitress job, how much can we expect our taxes to increase?

So if you notice a need to decimate digits, consider crunching them with geoCalc. We rely on it for our business. In fact, we couldn’t manage without it. To order call cxt. KoreiKii for iillit irig and hiitidlinsj. Allow six weeks for delivery. Ci 11 iiti. And after you save it, how do you load and list it? Ashton C. Hobbs A sequential file would suit your pur- poses. To create a sequential file, you open it for writing, write to it, and then close it. You can turn off the computer, and the information will still be in the disk file.

The program below reads and prints the names from the file. NT sent it to the file. The OPEN statement at the begin- ning of each program must be followed by three numbers numeric variables would work as well and a filename or a string variable. The commas must separate the three numbers, which indicate the logical file ttumber, the device number, and the secondary address. It can be any number in the range The device number is 8 for single disk drives.

Additional drives are usually numbered ; printers are usually device 4; cassette drives are de- vice 1. The secondary address means dif- ferent things to different devices. For disk drives, it tells the drive which channel to use.

When you’re using sequetUial disk files, the secondary address may be any number from 2 to 14, but if you ever have more than one file open simultaneously, you must be careful that each file has a unique secondary address. The first information to go into a file is the first to come out when you read it. The name of the variable is not saved to the file, only the information contained by the variable. You’re not limited to string variables, either. Paddling Around I’m constructing a program that uses the paddles.

Can you print a short pro- gram for me? Books’ Programming the Commodore The variables X and Y return tlie val- ues of the two paddles aiidFB returns the value of the two fire buttons each paddle normally has its own. The paddles sliould be plugged into port 2. The program prints three numbers. The first two are the values oftlte two pad- dles. The third number contains the paddle fire button itiformation. A 12 means that neither button is pressed, a 4 or an 8 means one of the buttons is pressed, and a means that both are pressed.

DEC generates the decimal nu- meric value of a character string which presumably holds a hexadecimal number. You’ll get an error message if the string contains any characters other than the numbers or the letters A-F. How- ever, the quotes inside the parentheses are required only when you are using a literal string, as the “” above. David P. Ballin I have recently taught myself machine language out of a book. However, when 1 do this, the computer crashes.

Either something is wrong with my computer or I can’t take advantage of this free RAM in direct mode. How can I program this memory? Ill , Hi II. Finding the ones you need is anotner. Which is why you should consider buying georile. Whether they’re receivables or reci- pes, once you have geoFile, you can fly through facts in sec- onds, clicking and picking the ones you want, just the way you want them.

It’s as simple as fill- ingout a form. The geoFile “form” organiiies all kinds ofin formation. Like names, numbers, rates of objects’ accelera- tion when dropped from two-story buildings — you name it. As much as you can fit on a printed page. You want names of bus drivers? From Arizona? Under five foot six? Between the ages of 33 and 35? Who sneezed in June? Just click your mouse and watch feoFile go to work, earching.

Comparing and listing the data alphabetically. Or numerically. Or in whatever priority your form specifies. You can put the data into form letters and lists with geo- Merge. Or into math functions, with geoCalc. Or if you really want to get n Berkeley Softworks fancy, you can display vour infor- mation graphically with geoChart.

And geoFile does it all in seconds. Now, with all that in mind, what are you going to do — spend a few bucks on geoFile? Or spend all night wishing that you had? From the roiir uf the crowd to the swish of Uie net, from slam dunks to three-point shots, it’s all here – last and competitive. Not only is there team action, but you can even compete in a 4-division, teaiu league – all the way to the playoffs and the GBA Championship game!

When you’re ready to jump into the big leagues of computer basketball, start with the game that begins where the others leave oil- GBA Championship Basketball: TWo-on-lWo. Commodore Amiga I Teen shown. If the bit is on, ROM is etiabkd. If it’s off, the memory is available.

Hi-Res 80 Columns I recently downloaded a program from a telecommunications service. It shows that bitmapped graphics are possible on the ‘s column screen, something Commodore never revealed probably because they never knew.

After using the program, I have a cjuestion. Can the co! Lyle C, Seplowitz The chip that controls the column dis- play, the , was designed by Commo- dore specifically for the , soil’s certain that they did know about the ‘s hi-res bitmapped mode.

It’s true that the System Guide doesn’t make any mention of it, but that’s because BASIC and the op- erating system don’t support bitmapped mode, so Commodore considers it an ad- vanced topic. Books and Commodore’s own Commo- dore Programmer’s Reference Guide published by Bantatn Books have sections that explain how the column chip works. An explanation of all Ihe column chip’s capabilities would require a com- plete article. To briefly answer your ques- tion about multiple colors, yes it it possible to display all 16 colors on the screen at once.

In bitmapped mode, each pixel is represented by a single bit in the area of column screen memory known as the bitmap. Each bitmap bit controls whether the corresponding pixel will take ihe foreground color or the background color.

The foreground and background colors can be specified in two ways. In the first, an area of screen memory can be set aside as attribute memory. Each byte in attribute memory holds foreground and background color values for a correspond- ing 8-bypixel character cell in the dis- play, analogous to color memory for the column screen.

Subscribe now and you can depend on a. So subscribe today. The problem with this system is the amount of memory it requires. The size of the SO-coiumn screen bitmapped display is programmable, but the default size is pixels horizotilally by vertically, a total of , pixels. Since each byte consists of eight bits, 1 6, bytes of mem- ory are needed for the bitmap.

The chip has its own private bank of memory not shared with the rest of the system, but that bank contains only 16K 16, bytes. Thus, there’s not enough memory re naining after the standard 16, bit- map is set up to provide the bytes re- quired for the corresponding attribute memory area. The alternate color system, used in most of the bitmapped graphics examples we have seen so far, eliminates the need for attribute memory, but at the cost of restricting you to only two different colors for the display.

That is, when attri- bute memory is eliminated, the fore- ground and background colors are common for all pixels in the display. There are three ways to add addition- al colors to the hi-res screen. The first is to shrink the size of the bitmap, displaying oidy about , pixels.

You can then allocate the free memory as attribute memory and display any one of 16 fore- ground colors in each 8-bypixet area in the smaller 6iO-by-l pixel display. The second method ss to simulate bitmapped mode in text mode by redefining the available character patterns. In other words, use custom characters.

The third is to replace the 16K of column screen memory with 64K, which requires dcsol- dering the memory chips and solderitig new ones in place. Needless to say, this would void your warranty and is not a project for novices. Big Variables, Small Variables I am working on a program that re- quires a lot of memory to load and a lot of memory to store variables. Accord- ing to the Programmer’s Reference Guide, five bytes of memory are used to store floating-point variables, while only two are required for an integer.

I wrote a simple program to print the current available RAM and then did some testing. A floating-point array of values takes up bytes, adhering closely to the 5-bytes rule. Dimension- ing an array of integer variables took up bytes, dose to 2 bytes per integer variable. However, when 1 tried assigning a value to several different scalar vari- ables, each required seven bytes, whether it was floating-point or inte- ger.

Why do individual variables take up the same amount of room? John R. When you reference a variable, the system lias to scan through memory to find it. If variables start at every seventh byte, the computer doesn’t have to slow down to figure out where the next variable is. Within the seven bytes, the first two indicate the variable name. A value of may or may not be added to the first or second letter, depending on what type of variable it is. Floating-point variables use all five of the remaining bytes, integer variables use two of the five bytes, and string variables use three one for the length of the siring and two for a pointer to the address where the string is stored.

Arrays are handled a little different- ly To find the value of A 52 , BASIC first searches for the beginning of the AO array and then calculates the location of ele- ment There’s no need to look throttgh the previous 52 values of the array.

Float- ing-point arrays need five bytes per mem- ber, while integer arrays use less memory, only two bytes. The name of the array and a pointer to the be- ginning of the storage area adds an over- head of seven bytes, to give you a total of and , the sizes you reported.

If you feel like a lost soul when It comes to music software, get the bible. Detailing over items which range from software to accessories to books, Coda is a remarkably user- friendly catalog that takes the confusion out of searching for the right music. It’s the computer-using musician’s best resource today. In fact, if you can’t find what you need in Coda, chances are it doesn’t exist. Order Coda today for only S4.

Or write to: Wenger Corp. C2, Owatonna, MN It’s not only inspirational, it’s divine guidance. All major credit cards accepted. Or call collect No Brag. And now the facts! When you show your support by buying Timeworks software, we never stop show- ing ours. That’s why our twelve Customer Support Technicians have been giving our T.

Technical Loving Care for over four years. Timowortts, Inc. Plus, with Sideways, prints all your columns on one, continuous sheet – sideways! It is important to have good structure so that the programs may be easily understood and modified by oth- er programmers. In my opinion you should group blocks of the program that do one function and clearly mark and describe the function with REM statements.

Corey Luecht There are many ways to judge the value of a computer program. One way is lo ignore how the program is written and instead observe how it performs. A program that works well is, from one perspective, a well-written program. For instance, if you use a word processor, the internal struc- ture of the program is unimportant, in- deed it’s unknown — instead, you want the word processor to help you do what you need to get done.

When we select a program to be published, we took for many things: utility, enter- tainment value, ease of use, visual appeal, creativity, and programming technique. Although we appreciate the fact that many of our readers learn programming techniques from the programs we publish, we simply don’t have the time to rewrite programs in the magazine to conform to our ideas of elegance.

For example, one factor that works against structured programs is size. A lib- erally commented program could easily be three times as large as a more compact, uncommented program. Such a program would take up too much space in the mag- azine. Also, in many cases, a structured program runs more slowly.

What looks like an inelegatit subroutine might be op- timized for speed. REM statements take up both space and time. In a compiled language, com- ments are automatically deleted from the running program. Many programmers think of BASIC as a latiguage that is best used to quickly write utilities atid test ideas. Some of these programmers see structured programming techniques as a hindrance. V Top Guns don’t always fly on air. Intelligence reports enemy missile corvettes fleeing toward Libya.

Additional enemy patrol craft seen in area. Seek out and destroy. Take no prisoners. The Need for Speed. Guns blazing, you lock-on and launch a Harpoon guided missile. Through the water spouts of his near misses, you see him explode into flames. Another mission accomplished. The Patrol Hydrofoil Missitocraft. So agllB, enomy radar mistakes It for low-flying aircraft. So fast, enemy forces have only minutes to react. So deadly, there is no second cliance. A Commanding Simulation. I 8 real-life missions in today’s danger zones like the Persian Gulf, the Eastern Mediterranean and the Gulf of Sidra, I Time compression speedsaction to x normal.

I Comprehensive operations manual includes mission briefings and enemy vessel spotter cards. I Technical consultant: Boeing Marine Systems. The direct price It S Boi CA Plea«eallow4 week! Screen shots represent C64 version. Others may vary. Appla II is a reglfltared trademark of Apple Computer. Lucatfllm Gemet. PHM Pegasus, and all elements of the game lanUty. All riflhts reserved.

Electronic Aria, auttiorlied uier. With it came a flurry of exciting neiv hard- ware and software products — plus plenty of good news for Commodore owners. Commodore 64 and owners have a lot to smile about. For the past year, the new-generation bit machines — the Amiga, Atari ST, Macintosh and Apple IlGS — have captured many of the headlines in the home computer market. While many 64 and owners may have wondered if their machines were soon to follow the VlC’s path to obsolescence, the good news is that these machines continue to sell very well.

Looking more like an agitated beehive than a showcase for state-of-the-art elec- tronics technology, the floor of the Las Vegas Convention Center teemed with more than , people. While the majority of CES product displays were in audio and video, the personal computer hard- ware and software element was significant.

Not surprisingly. Commodore and Atari had the largest and most popular booths in the computer section. Both companies an- nounced a number of interesting new hardware products.

They also shared their booth space with a va- riety of third-party hardware and software developers in support of their respective products. While Com- modore’s introduction of its PC compatibles was merely a formali- ty — the debut of these machines in the U. While Atari pulled a rabbit out of a hat. Commodore had a quiet surprise of its own.

See “The New Amiga Family” following this article. On the rebound with three consecutive profitable quarters — after a dismal and shaky six-consec- utive-quarter loss — the company appears to be on steady ground. The cost-cutting measures imple- mented in and early are surely one reason for Commodore’s newfound state of health.

In and 64 sales. Shepherd noted that toward the end of , they “virtually sold everything to the walls. We virtual- ly sold out of each machine,” In light of an optimistic fore- cast. Commodore announced a number of new and 64 hard- ware products at CES, Shoppers who decide on the will now have to choose between configura- tions. According to Shepherd, this version of the has been in Europe since “What happened was that the origi- nal design of that machine did not pass the FCC and required a sub- The Commodore ‘s new twin— the D.

That was the reason for its going to Eu- rope but not here. The disk drive, a unit considerably smaller than the or , supports 3V2-inch disks. Also, 3V2-inch disks- housed in a hard shell— suffer less disk damage.

Accidental bending — not uncommon with the SVi-inch floppy— is eliminated. Commodore 64 owners who want more memory should be pleased with the new RAM Ex- pansion module, which plugs into the expansion port to add 25 6K of memory. Commodore’s new RAM expander adds K of memory to the Data transfer on the JCT drives is 1.

JCT also noted that a dual hard drive is planned and should be available this spring. Kemal Meg Hard Disk Drive. Developed by Fiscal Information, this drive was originally announced more than two years ago, but never distributed. In late , Cardco announced its plans for manufac- turing and distributing the drive, but soon after, Cardco went out of business. Xetec, awaiting FCC ap- proval at the time of the show, plans to have the drive available through dealers by the time you read this.

The Old War Horse The Commodore 64, with its tre- mendous software base and impres- sive computing power at a very low price, is understandably still a huge bestseller. Interestingly, while some industry’ observers have been ring- ing the death knell for the 64 over the past two years, recent comments have gone in the other direction.

Bing Gordon, vice president of mar- keting for Electronic Arts, thinks that the 64 will sell well into the s. Nigel Shepherd agrees: “1 think if somebody had said to me — maybe in ’85 — what future do you see for the 64, I would have been very aggressive and said ‘At least through to ‘ We finally said, ‘Why should we try to supercede this product when there’s still demand out there? We’re going to continue to look at that machine to see how we can make it more attractive and more competidve.

While there were fewer packages announced at this CES than were introduced at the and shows, the overall quality of the new products is higher than ever.

When you compare the quality and prices of this year’s products with those of — when the market was inundated with Com- modore software — it’s apparent that the consumer is the beneficia- ry. Competition has weeded out a number of companies with sub- standard products, while some of the major players have consolidat- ed product lines or merged with other quality publishers.

It remains to be seen whether developers can take the eight-bit Commodores any fur- ther, but, as it appears now, all bets are on. Elsewhere In Electronics The home computer market is a sig- nificant part of CES, but the major- ity of products at the show are in the audio and video arena. The bulk of CES floor space is com- prised of the latest in stereo compo- nents, VCRs, TVs, satellite dishes, CD players, video cameras, tele- phones, electronic keyboards and drum machines, calculators, and more.

And there are hundreds of smaller companies who make ac- cessories or support products for many of these hi-tech players. One trend in consumer elec- tronics evident from this year’s CES is the continued strong movement toward digital electronics. Essentially a tape equivalent of the compact disc CD , the technology and production ca- pabilities for this medium are here, but the product itself is not on the market.

DAT — about half the size of the standard cassette — is being sold in Japan and, according to many sources, will be in the U. But that’s not all. Because data can be packed more densely, a lot more music can be stored — two hours per side. Many tape manufacturers have DAT ready but are hesitant to act until the hardware is available. First, many audio manufactur- ers believe that DAT could serious- ly undercut the booming CD market, which has accelerated in the past year to the point where de- mand has greatly exceeded supply.

Second, there’s the home taping controversy — piracy. Thus, there is pressure on Congress from some in the record- ing industry to impose a 35 percent tariff on DAT players not equipped with a microchip-controlled device designed to prevent copying. While some expect DAT to be here this summer, others have not- ed that, because of the formidable opposition, it would be unrealistic to expect it at all in Parking lots. Team players and show-offs. There’s guys who can shoot the eye out of a needle at 20 feet.

Pass on the run. Get that big man comers, this is real street : strategy. Take a hook shot. A : tip-in. But don’t dribble in the slick. And for heavens sake, watch out for windows, i It’s not like any basketball : game you’ve ever played on l a computer. But just like every i basketball game you’ve ever : played for real.

Bat- ter’s and 2. The score— well, maybe it’s time to take up bridge. Inixodudng Street Spoiis Baseball. Okay The pitcher winds, throws, and, crack! Ifs a long fly belli to, to, yes, it’s going- bang. Right in his glove. It’s not going to be as simple as you thought to be the first on your block. Not to mention 16 neighbor- hood players. Each with their ovm personalities and skills in pitchmg, hitting and fielding.

With the right combination, you could be the champs. With the wrong combination, the chumps. You’ll pick the place. The team. The positions. The strat- egy And then, you’ll be right in the middle of it all. With a split-screen view from above and up close. That’s right. The same people bringing you the very popular 64 and and the technologically stunning Amiga have jumped on the burgeoning IBM-compatible bandwagon in the United States. Those not familiar with the clone invasion that’s been taking place over the last year may wonder what all the excitement is about.

And those who are familiar with the IBM PC may wonder why anyone would bring to market a new com- puter whose technology has been virtually unchanged since The answer to both questions lies in the unparalleled success of the IBM PC in the business market over the past six years, as well as the more recent capability of many companies to sell I’C compatibles for substantially less than has IBM.

At those prices, the PC compat- ible becomes affordable not only by more small businesses, but by indi- vidual consumers as well. But Commodore is no new- comer to the IBM-clone environ- ment.

And there’s every rea- son to believe the company may do quite well at selling the two ver- sions of their PC compatible here in the states, although they’ll face fierce competition for shelf space among dealers and for visibility among consumers already inundat- ed with a bewildering array of information on other compatibles. Commodore’s pricing, rela- tively high when compared to that of some of the more recent clones, may also be a major factor in its PC sales.

But Commodore, which will be selling its PC compa- tibles through dealers rather than mass market chains, wants to pro- vide dealer margins of 35 percent to help promote wide distribution.

And we think it will give us acceptable market share and acceptable profits. This offer atso valid on peripherals and accessories under 8 pounds. Orders arriving before 1 1 am our time wilt be shipped out same day. Every week we add even more. We’re the first to get in all the hoi new software releases. Response from lens of thousands of satisfied customers can only mean we ‘re doing mail order rigtit!

H you don’l see wtiot I’ou want please cal! Sa7 9S A. I K-vS B»acnHsad. Call tor pnco on ttcei UAIA l. Afl AP. JCT 1 W5. Jr S Hk buffer down loocfoOlolonls S»l. Lutjioci Id c ha ngo w 1 ho-Jl nal ice.

There are also five full-sized expan- sion slots. The power supply can support two floppy drives, a meg hard disk, and five expansion cards. What do Commodore’s clones mean for the 64, , and Amiga? Apparently not much, as far as sales and distribution are concerned.

Sales of all three of the computers remain strong, Commodore’s fi- nancial position has stabilized, and may turn out to be one of Commodore’s best years in quite some time. At worst. Commodore officials expect the MS-DOS com- puters to have some impact on the amount of shelf space dealers have available for the In a small room on the second level of Commodore’s two-story exhibit booth, selected dealers and the press were given sneak previews of two new Amiga computers, off- shoots of the original Amiga With these introductions, Com- modore provides three Amigas that can reach virtually any market niche, from the entry-level consum- er to high-end professional and business markets.

All three of the Amigas are percent compatible with one another as long as the soft- ware follows the rules for version 1. For those not thoroughly fa- miliar with the Amiga, the most im- portant points are these: Introduced in the fall of , the Amiga was immediately recognized as a genuine breakthrough personal computer, featuring superb color graphics and stereo sound capabili- ties as well as true multitasking running more than one active pro- gram simultaneously.

Based on the Motorola microprocessor, the Amiga also has three integrated custom chips — Commodore’s new Amiga Q computer is an expandable powerhouse machine that features both Amiga and IBM card slots; up to nine megabytes of RAM: a flexible combiJtation of S’k-inch, 5’A-itich, and hard disk slots; a reconfigured keyboard; and the ability to run IBM and Amiga software simultaneously.

And you don’t even have to leave your room. With them, they can bring the world to its knees. The U. Using their satellite you can get into the complex with your computer.

All you have to do is locate the combina- tions to the Siife, find and open it, and get the documents out. Guard patrols. And something called. The Annihilator, Plus, your only map is the one you’ve got to make while not being discovered by all of tlie above. Your reputation got you into this mess.

Your hacking skill is the only thing that can get you out. Vlaciniosh computers. P-acific time. IHM i. Auri and ST an- Irjttcinarla iif Aiirl jjqi. Arthislon Is Ihc registered tcadeimric iif Arihisltin. Agnes also co- ordinates the blitter and copper de- vices, which help the Amiga produce its amazing graphics and animation.

As you’ll see, the two new Amigas dramatically change the future of the Amiga in terms of both price and expandability. Commodore’s new A is the Amiga for the rest of us. The Amiga uses about half the power of the Unlike the original Amiga, the new ma- chine’s keyboard is not detached; instead, the one-piece unit resem- bles a cross between a Commodore and an Atari ST.

The com- puter and keyboard are all one unit, and the drive is built into the right- hand side. Commodore engineers radical- ly redesigned the Amiga mother- board to make the more economical to manufacture.

The whole computer is now contained on a single, compact board. Yet, the only capability which suffered is that the weaker power supply will have to be supplemented if large amounts of extra memory or other devices are added. Only one change was made: The genders of the RS serial port and Centronics-standard par- allel port were swapped, so the Amiga will work with com- monly available IBM PC modem and printer cables.

Also, Commo- dore senior engineer Jeff Porter says that Commodore is working on an optional RF modulator so the can use a television as a monitor.

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