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Goals of the survey were to 1 determine if additional storage capacity could be found either as extensions to the Ray reef or as undiscovered satellite reefs, 2 investigate the relationship between the main body and a low-relief gas well east of the reef, and 3 determine if seismic data can be used to quantify reservoir parameters to maximize the productive capacity of infillmore » wells.

Interpretation of the 3 – D seismic data resulted in a detailed image of the reef, using several interpretive techniques. A seismic reflection within the reef was correlated with a known porosity zone, and a possible relationship between porosity and seismic amplitude was investigated.

A potential connection between the main reef and the low-relief gas well was identified. This project illustrates the economic value of investigating an existing storage reef with 3 – D seismic data, and underscores the necessity of such a survey prior to developing a new storage reservoir. True-triaxial experimental seismic velocities linked to an in situ 3 D seismic velocity structure.

Upscaling from laboratory seismic velocities to in situ field seismic velocities is a fundamental problem in rock physics. This study presents a unique situation where a 3 D velocity structure of comparable frequency ranges is available both in situ and experimentally.

The velocity survey and oriented, cubic rock sample, are from the m level of the mine, where the geology is a homogeneous and isotropic granite.

The triaxial in situ stress field at this level was determined and the Mine-by tunnel was excavated horizontally to maximize borehole break out. Ultrasonic velocity measurements for P-, S1-,and S2-waves were done in the tunnel sidewall, ceiling and far-field rock mass.

The cubic 80 mm granite sample was prepared oriented to the in situ principle stress axis in the field. The stress path of the sample extraction from in situ stress was modeled in FLAC 3 D by Itasca inc , and then reapplied in the GIC to obtain the laboratory velocities at in situ stress. The theory of acoustoelasticity, the dependence of acoustic wave velocity on stresses in the propagating isotropic medium, is applied to the borehole hoop and radial stresses produced by the Mine-by tunnel. The acoustoelastic effect involves determining the linear second-order and nonlinear third-order elastic constants, which are derived from the velocity-stress slopes.

New comprehensive standard seismic noise models and 3 D seismic noise variation for Morocco territory, North Africa, obtained using seismic broadband stations. In the current work, we constructed new comprehensive standard seismic noise models and 3 D temporal-spatial seismic noise level cubes for Morocco in north-west Africa to be used for seismological and engineering purposes.

Consequently, this preliminary study was conducted to shed light on seismic noise levels specific to north-west Africa. For this purpose, 23 broadband seismic stations recently installed in different structural domains throughout Morocco are used to study the nature and characteristics of seismic noise and to create seismic noise models for Morocco. Continuous data recorded during , and were processed and analysed to construct these new noise models and 3 D noise levels from all stations.

This variation is attributed to differences in the nature of seismic noise sources that dominate Morocco in these period bands. The results of this study have a new perception about permanent seismic noise models for this spectacular region and can be considered a significant contribution because it supplements the Peterson models and can also be used to site future permanent seismic stations in Morocco.

Absolute earthquake locations using 3 – D versus 1- D velocity models below a local seismic network: example from the Pyrenees. Theunissen, T. Local seismic networks are usually designed so that earthquakes are located inside them primary azimuthal gap seismic stations km. Moving towards 3 – D location algorithms requires robust 3 – D velocity models. This work takes advantage of seismic monitoring spanning more than 30 yr in the Pyrenean region.

We investigate the influence of a well-designed 3 – D model with station corrections including basins structure and the geometry of the Mohorovicic discontinuity on earthquake locations. The horizontal accuracy in the 1- D case can be higher than in the 3 – D case if lateral variations in the structure are not properly resolved. Errors on velocity models and accuracy of absolute earthquake locations are assessed based on a reference data set made of active seismic , quarry blasts and passive temporary experiments.

Some updates have been added to NLLoc to better focus on the final solution outlier exclusion, multiscale grid search, S-phases weighting. Errors in the probabilistic approach are defined to take into account errors on velocity models and on arrival times. The seismicity in the final 3 – D catalogue is located with a horizontal uncertainty of about 2.

Noises and data gaps complicate the seismic data processing and subsequently cause difficulties in the geological interpretation. We discriminated the noises from single individual time slices of 3 D volumes by analyzing Eigen triplets of the trajectory matrix. We first tested the efficacy of the method on 3 D synthetic seismic data contaminated with noise and then applied to the post stack seismic reflection data acquired from the Sleipner CO2 storage site pre and post CO2 injection from Norway.

The bright spots identified in the de-noised data indicate upward migration of CO2 towards the top of the Utsira formation. In this paper, measurements show fast ion losses correlated with applied three-dimensional 3 D fields in a variety of plasmas ranging from L-mode to resonant magnetic perturbation RMP edge localized mode ELM suppressed H-mode discharges.

Full orbit following using M 3 D -C1 calculations of the perturbed fields and kinetic profiles reproduce many features of the measured losses and points to the importance of the applied 3 D field phase with respect to the beam injection location in determining the overall impact on prompt beam ion loss.

Modeling of these results includes a self-consistent calculation of the 3 D perturbed beam ion birth profiles and scrape-off-layer ionization, a factor found to be essential to reproducing the experimental measurements.

The Nankai Trough off southwest Japan is one of the best subduction-zone to study megathrust earthquake fault. Historic, great megathrust earthquakes with a recurrence interval of yr have generated strong motion and large tsunamis along the Nankai Trough subduction zone.

Particularly, physical properties of the incoming hemipelagic sediments may be critical for seismogenic behavior of the megathrust fault. We have carried out core-log- seismic integration CLSI to estimate 3 D acoustic impedance and porosity for the incoming sediments in the Nankai Trough. We computed acoustic impedance depth profiles for the IODP drilling sites from P-wave velocity and density data. We constructed seismic convolution models with the acoustic impedance profiles and a source wavelet which is extracted from the seismic data, adjusting the seismic models to observed seismic traces with inversion method.

As a result, we obtained 3 D acoustic impedance volume and then converted it to 3 D porosity volume. In general, the 3 D porosities show decrease with depth. We found a porosity anomaly zone with alteration of high and low porosities seaward of the trough axis. In this talk, we will show detailed 3 D porosity of the incoming sediments, and present implications of the porosity anomaly zone for the.

Marchenko methods are novel, data driven techniques that allow seismic wavefields from sources and receivers on the Earth’s surface to be redatumed to construct wavefields with sources in the subsurface – including complex multiply-reflected waves, and without the need for a complex reference model.

In turn, this allows subsurface images to be constructed at any such subsurface redatuming points image or virtual receiver points. Such images are then free of artefacts from multiply-scattered waves that usually contaminate migrated seismic images. Marchenko algorithms require as input the same information as standard migration methods: the full reflection response from sources and receivers at the Earth’s surface, and an estimate of the first arriving wave between the chosen image point and the surface.

The latter can be calculated using a smooth velocity model estimated using standard methods. The algorithm iteratively calculates a signal that focuses at the image point to create a virtual source at that point, and this can be used to retrieve the signal between the virtual source and the surface.

A feature of these methods is that the retrieved signals are naturally decomposed into up- and down-going components. That is, we obtain both the signal that initially propagated upwards from the virtual source and arrived at the surface, separated from the signal that initially propagated downwards.

The redatumed signal in figure b has been calculated using Marchenko methods from a virtual source m, m and m to the surface. For comparison the true solution is given in figure c , and shows a good match when compared to figure b.

While these 2 D redatuming and imaging methods are still in their infancy having first been developed in. Careful review of old geophysical and geological data from the Western Desert of Egypt led to the decision of shooting a 3 – D seismic survey targeted to solve some of the encountered geophysical problems such as difficulty of tracing the very thin pay zone, identifying the stratigraphic plays and the main two problems of the seismic method in the Western Desert which are statics and poor imaging.

In a case history form illustrated by examples, the result of the 3 – D solutions will be shown. Furthermore, an analytical approach will be undertaken to clarify and highlight the sources of those geophysical problemsmore » and how the 3 – D solution helped in resolving them. The geo-referenced 3 D model was constructed from weighted control points that integrate depth information from hypocenter locations and regional seismic velocity studies.

We used the 3 D model to differentiate earthquakes that occur above the Juan de Fuca Plate surface from earthquakes that occur below the plate surface. This GIS project of the Cascadia subduction system supersedes the one previously published by McCrory and others Our new slab model updates the model with new constraints.

The most significant updates to the model include: 1 weighted control points to incorporate spatial uncertainty, 2 an additional gridded slab surface based on the Generic Mapping Tools GMT Surface program which constructs surfaces based on splines in tension see expanded description below , 3 double-differenced hypocenter locations in northern California to better constrain slab location there, and 4 revised slab shape based on new hypocenter profiles that incorporate routine depth uncertainties as well as data from new seismic -reflection and seismic -refraction studies.

We also provide a 3 D fly-through animation of the model for use as a visualization tool. Initialising reservoir models for history matching using pre-production 3 D seismic data: constraining methods and uncertainties. Integration of 3 D and time-lapse 4 D seismic data into reservoir modelling and history matching processes poses a significant challenge due to the frequent mismatch between the initial reservoir model, the true reservoir geology, and the pre-production baseline seismic data.

A fundamental step of a reservoir characterisation and performance study is the preconditioning of the initial reservoir model to equally honour both the geological knowledge and seismic data. In this paper we analyse the issues that have a significant impact on the mis match of the initial reservoir model with well logs and inverted 3 D seismic data. These issues include the constraining methods for reservoir lithofacies modelling, the sensitivity of the results to the presence of realistic resolution and noise in the seismic data, the geostatistical modelling parameters, and the uncertainties associated with quantitative incorporation of inverted seismic data in reservoir lithofacies modelling.

We demonstrate that in a geostatistical lithofacies simulation process, seismic constraining methods based on seismic litho-probability curves and seismic litho-probability cubes yield the best match to the reference model, even when realistic resolution and noise is included in the dataset.

In addition, our analyses show that quantitative incorporation of inverted 3 D seismic data in static reservoir modelling carries a range of uncertainties and should be cautiously applied in order to minimise the risk of misinterpretation. These uncertainties are due to the limited vertical resolution of the seismic data compared to the scale of the geological heterogeneities, the fundamental instability of the inverse problem, and the non-unique elastic properties of different lithofacies types.

Vermeesch, P. In a 3 D onshore-offshore controlled-source seismic experiment was carried out in an area of km x km, centered on the southern termination of the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake rupture. Root Mean Square traveltime misfit reduces from ms in the 1 D starting model to 81 ms after 20 non-linear iterations.

Offsets range between 0 and km, with rays penetrating up to 28 km depth in the final model, hereby imaging the top of the subducting oceanic plate and revealing its complex 3 D topography. Ray coverage is still being extended by including first-arrival traveltime picks from the landstations on the coast of Sumatra and the islands and from the 10 long-term deployment OBSs that will be recovered in January.

The robustness and resolution of the final 3 D model is examined by exploring different starting models, different inversion parameters and by carrying out checkerboard tests and synthetic tests. The resulting crustal 3 D velocity model will allow us to explore the nature and physical cause of the rupture barrier of the great earthquake.

Comparison with a similar dataset and subsequent 3 D velocity model acquired at the boundary between the and earthquakes will provide important insights into the segmentation of the Sumatra subduction zone and the dynamics of its great earthquakes. Zelt, C. Barton Three-dimensional seismic refraction tomography: A comparison of two methods applied to data from the.

We propose a 2 D seismic time-lapse inversion approach to image the evolution of seismic velocities over time and space. The forward modeling is based on solving the eikonal equation using a second-order fast marching method. The wave-paths are represented by Fresnel volumes rathe Seismic source inversion using Green’s reciprocity and a 3 – D structural model for the Japanese Islands. We present a feasibility study for seismic source inversions using a 3 – D velocity model for the Japanese Islands.

The approach involves numerically calculating 3 – D Green’s tensors, which is made efficient by exploiting Green’s reciprocity. The rationale for 3 – D seismic source inversion has several aspects.

For structurally complex regions, such as the Japan area, it is necessary to account for 3 – D Earth heterogeneities to prevent unknown structure polluting source solutions. In addition, earthquake source characterisation can serve as a means to delineate existing faults.

Source parameters obtained for more realistic Earth models can then facilitate improvements in seismic tomography and early warning systems, which are particularly important for seismically active areas, such as Japan.

For this we used a regional 3 – D velocity model, recently obtained from full waveform inversion. The model includes attenuation and radial anisotropy and explains seismic waveform data for periods between 10 – 80 s generally well. The aim is to perform source inversions using the database of 3 – D Green’s tensors. As preliminary steps, we present initial concepts to address issues that are at the basis of our approach. We first investigate to which extent Green’s reciprocity works in a discrete domain.

Considering substantial amounts of computed Green’s tensors we address storage requirements and file formatting. We discuss the importance of the initial source model, as an intelligent choice can substantially reduce the search volume. Possibilities to perform a Bayesian inversion and ways to move to finite source inversion are also explored.

Is 3 D true non linear traveltime tomography reasonable? The data sets requiring 3 D analysis tools in the context of seismic exploration both onshore and offshore experiments or natural seismicity micro seismicity surveys or post event measurements are more and more numerous.

Classical linearized tomographies and also earthquake localisation codes need an accurate 3 D background velocity model. However, if the medium is complex and a priori information not available, a 1 D analysis is not able to provide an adequate background velocity image. Moreover, the design of the acquisition layouts is often intrinsically 3 D and renders difficult even 2 D approaches, especially in natural seismicity cases. Thus, the solution relies on the use of a 3 D true non linear approach, which allows to explore the model space and to identify an optimal velocity image.

The problem becomes then practical and its feasibility depends on the available computing resources memory and time. In this presentation, we show that facing a 3 D traveltime tomography problem with an extensive non-linear approach combining fast travel time estimators based on level set methods and optimisation techniques such as multiscale strategy is feasible.

Moreover, because management of inhomogeneous inversion parameters is more friendly in a non linear approach, we describe how to perform a jointly non-linear inversion for the seismic velocities and the sources locations. Characteristics of spondylotic myelopathy on 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo and 2 D fast spin echo magnetic resonance imaging: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

In patients with spinal stenosis, magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine can be improved by using 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences to provide a high-resolution assessment of osseous and ligamentous structures. However, it is not yet clear whether 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences adequately evaluate the spinal cord itself.

As a result, they are generally supplemented by additional 2 D fast spin echo sequences, adding time to the examination and potential discomfort to the patient.

Here we investigate the hypothesis that in patients with spinal stenosis and spondylotic myelopathy, 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences can characterize cord lesions equally well as 2 D fast spin echo sequences. We performed a retrospective analysis of 30 adult patients with spondylotic myelopathy who had been examined with both 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences and 2 D fast spin echo sequences at the same scanning session.

The two sequences were inspected separately for each patient, and visible cord lesions were manually traced. We found no significant differences between 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo and 2 D fast spin echo sequences in the mean number, mean area, or mean transverse dimensions of spondylotic cord lesions.

Nevertheless, the mean contrast-to-noise ratio of cord lesions was decreased on 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences compared to 2 D fast spin echo sequences. These findings suggest that 3 D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences do not need supplemental 2 D fast spin echo sequences for the diagnosis of spondylotic myelopathy, but they may be less well suited for quantitative signal measurements in the spinal cord.

Structural and stratigraphic interpretation of 3 D seismic data for reservoir characterization in an area affected by dense faulting, such as the Niger Delta, is typically difficult and strongly model driven because of problems with imaging. In the Freeman field, located about km offshore southwestern Niger Delta at about m water depth, 3 D seismic attribute-based analogs, and structural and stratigraphic based geometric models are combined to help enhance and constrain the interpretation.

The objectives being to show how 3 D seismic attribute analysis enhances seismic interpretation, develop structural style and stratigraphic architecture models and identify trap mechanisms in the study area; with the main purpose of producing structural and stratigraphic framework analogs to aid exploration and production companies, as well as researchers in better understanding the structural style, stratigraphic framework and trap mechanism of the Miocene to Pliocene Agbada Formation reservoirs in the deep Offshore Niger Delta Basin.

A multidisciplinary approach which involved analyses of calculated variance-based coherence cube, spectral decomposition box probe and root-mean-square amplitude attributes, sequence stratigraphy based well correlation, and structural modeling; were undertaken to achieve these objectives.

Studies reveal a massive northwest-southeast trending shale cored detachment fold anticline, with associated normal faults; interpreted to have been folded and faulted by localized compression resulting from a combination of differential loading on the deep-seated overpressured-ductile-undercompacted-marine Akata shale, and gravitational collapse of the Niger delta continental slope due to influx of sediments. Crestal extension resulting from this localized compression, is believed to have given rise to the synthetic, antithetic and newly observed crossing conjugate normal faults in the study area.

This structure is unique to the existing types of principal. Reducing disk storage of full- 3 D seismic waveform tomography F 3 DT through lossy online compression. Full- 3 D seismic waveform tomography F 3 DT is the latest seismic tomography technique that can assimilate broadband, multi-component seismic waveform observations into high-resolution 3 D subsurface seismic structure models. The strain tensor fields are needed for computing the data sensitivity kernels, which are used for constructing the Jacobian matrix in the Gauss-Newton optimization algorithm.

In this study, we have successfully integrated a lossy compression algorithm into our F 3 DT-SI workflow to significantly reduce the disk space for storing the strain tensor fields. The compressor supports a user-specified tolerance for bounding the error, and can be integrated into our finite-difference wave-propagation simulation code used for computing the strain fields.

The decompressor can be integrated into the kernel calculation code that reads the strain fields from the disk and compute the data sensitivity kernels. During the wave-propagation simulations, we compress the strain fields before writing them to the disk. To compute the data sensitivity kernels, we read the compressed strain fields from the disk and decompress them before using them in kernel calculations. The integration of the lossy online compressor may potentially open up the possibilities of the wide adoption of F 3 DT-SI in routine seismic tomography practices in the near future.

In this study, we have successfully integrated a lossy compression algorithmmore » into our F 3 DT SI workflow to significantly reduce the disk space for storing the strain tensor fields. Environmental considerations for 3 D seismic in Louisianna wetlands. Louisiana swamps have been host to seismic crews for many years.

Results from recent 3 D surveys indicate that well planned and executed seismic operations have a minimal and short term impact in these environmentally sensitive wetlands. Pre-planning identifies challenges that require use of improved technology and work procedures. These include multi-channel radio telemetry recording systems, ramming of dynamite and hydrophones as opposed to drilling, DGPS positioning and coordinated use of Airboats, buggies and helicopters.

In addition to minimal environmental impact, increased data quality, reduced cost and shorter project duration have been achieved as a result of these efforts. Unlike 2Dmore » surveys, where profile positioning is flexible, 3 D surveys involve high density coverage over many square miles operated by numerous personnel. Survey design includes minimizing repeated traffic and crossing points.

Survey operations require environmental participation and commitment from every person involved in the project. This includes a thorough orientation and training program with strong emphasis on environmental sensitivity and awareness. Close co-ordination between regulatory agencies, clients and the contractor is a key factor in all aspects of the survey planning and operation.

Benefits from these efforts are significant, measurable and continue to improve. Local seismic hazard assessment in explosive volcanic settings by 3 D numerical analyses. This work deals with the assessment of local seismic response in the explosive volcanic settings by reconstructing the subsoil model of the Stracciacappa maar Sabatini Volcanic District, central Italy , whose pyroclastic succession records eruptive phases ended about 0.

Heterogeneous characteristics of the Stracciacappa maar stratification, structural setting, lithotypes, and thickness variation of depositional units make it an ideal case history for understanding mechanisms and processes leading to modifications of amplitude-frequency-duration of seismic waves generated at earthquake sources and propagating through volcanic settings.

New geological map and cross sections, constrained with recently acquired geotechnical and geophysical data, illustrate the complex geometric relationships among different depositional units forming the maar. A composite interfingering between internal lacustrine sediments and epiclastic debris, sourced from the rim, fills the crater floor; a 45 meters thick continuous coring borehole was drilled in the maar with sampling of undisturbed samples.

Electrical Resistivity Tomography surveys and 2 D passive seismic arrays were also carried out for constraining the geological model and the velocity profile of the S-waves, respectively. Single station noise measurements were collected in order to define natural amplification frequencies. Finally, the nonlinear cyclic soil behaviour was investigated through simple shear tests on the undisturbed samples.

Moreover, 1 D and 2 D numerical analyses were carried out for comparison purposes. Two different scenarios were selected as input motions: a moderate magnitude volcanic event and a high magnitude tectonic event.

Both earthquake scenarios revealed significant ground motion amplification up to 15 in terms of spectral acceleration. Kevitsa is a large disseminated sulphide Ni-Cu-PGE deposit hosted by the Kevitsa mafic-ultramafic intrusion in northern Finland and dated as about 2.

The Geological Survey of Finland first discovered the Kevitsa deposit in The final pit depth is planned to be m. The estimated ore reserves of the Kevitsa intrusion are about million tones using a nickel cut-off grade of 0. The expected life-of-mine is years. More than hundred holes have been drilled in the Kevitsa area, but most are concentrated close to the known deposit and do not provide a comprehensive understanding of the extent of the intrusion.

The basal contact of the intrusion is penetrated by only about 30 drill holes, most of which are shallow. A better knowledge of the geometry of the intrusion would provide a framework for near-mine and deep exploration in the area. An exact knowledge on the basal contact of the intrusion would also provide an exploration target for the contact-type mineralization that is often more massive and richer in Ni-Cu.

In December , a series of 2 D reflection seismic profiles was acquired in the Kevitsa area. It consisted of four connected survey lines between 6 and 11 km long. The 3 D seismic survey is limited to the closer vicinity of the known deposit, while the 2 D seismic survey was designed to provide a more regional view of the Kevitsa intrusive complex.

The main aims of the 2 D and 3 D seismic surveys were to delineate the shape and extent of the ore-bearing Kevitsa intrusion and the geometry of some of the host rock and surrounding units, and extract information about the larger-scale structures and structures important for mine-planning purposes.

The 2 D and 3 D seismic data were used to. SWTR is a new facility constructed specifically for the development and testing of futuristic intelligent battlefield sensor networks. In this paper, results are presented for an extensive high-resolution geophysical characterization study at the SWTR site along with validation using 3 – D modeling. In this study, several shallow seismic methods and novel processing techniques were used to generate a 3 – D grid of earth seismic properties, including compressional P and shear S body-wave speeds Vp and Vs , and their associated body-wave attenuation parameters Qp, and Qs.

These experiments covered a volume of earth measuring m by m by 25 m deep 11 million cubic meters , centered on the vehicle test track at the SWTR site. The study has resulted in detailed characterizations of key geophysical properties. To our knowledge, results of this kind have not been previously achieved, nor have the innovative methods developed for this effort been reported elsewhere.

In addition to supporting materiel developers with important geophysical information at this test range, the data from this study will be used to validate sophisticated 3 – D seismic signature models for moving vehicles. Plesa, A. The Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport mission, to be launched in , will perform a comprehensive geophysical investigation of Mars in situ.

The Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure package aims to detect global and regional seismic events and in turn offer constraints on core size, crustal thickness, and core, mantle, and crustal composition.

In this study, we estimate the present-day amount and distribution of seismicity using 3 – D numerical thermal evolution models of Mars, taking into account contributions from convective stresses as well as from stresses associated with cooling and planetary contraction.

Defining the seismogenic lithosphere by an isotherm and assuming two end-member cases of K and the K, we determine the seismogenic lithosphere thickness. Assuming a seismic efficiency between 0.

Interest in high-resolution 3 D seismic experiments for imaging shallow targets has increased over the past years. Many case studies presented, show that producing clear seismic images with this non-evasive method, is still a challenge. We use two test-sites where nearby outcrops are present so that an accurate geological model can be built and the seismic result validated.

The first so-called natural field laboratory is located in Boulonnais N. It is an upper Jurassic siliciclastic sequence; age equivalent of the source rock of N. The second one is located in Cap Blanc,to the southwest of the Mallorca island Spain ; depicting an excellent example of Miocene prograding reef platform Llucmajor Platform ; it is a textbook analog for carbonate reservoirs.

In both cases, the multidisciplinary experiment included the use of multicomponent and quasi- or 3 D seismic recordings. The target depth does not exceed m. Vertical and shear portable vibrators were used as source. In the center of the setups, boreholes were drilled and Vertical Seismic Profiles were shot, along with core and borehole measurements both in situ and in the laboratory. These two geologically different sites, with different seismic stratigraphy have provided us with exceptionally high resolution seismic images.

In general seismic data was processed more or less following standard procedures, a few innovative techniques on the Mallorca data, as rotation of horizontal components, 3 D F-K filter and addition of parallel profiles, have improved the seismic image.

In this paper we discuss the basic differences as seen on the seismic sections. The Boulonnais data present highly continuous reflection patterns of extremenly high resolution. This facilitated a high resolution stratigraphic description. Results from the VSP showed substantial wave energy attenuation.

However, the high-fold traces Mallorca seismic experiment returned a rather discontinuous pattern of possible reflectors. Method for identifying subsurface fluid migration and drainage pathways in and among oil and gas reservoirs using 3 – D and 4- D seismic imaging.

The invention utilizes 3 – D and 4- D seismic surveys as a means of deriving information useful in petroleum exploration and reservoir management. The methods use both single seismic surveys 3 – D and multiple seismic surveys separated in time 4- D of a region of interest to determine large scale migration pathways within sedimentary basins, and fine scale drainage structure and oil-water-gas regions within individual petroleum producing reservoirs.

Such structure is identified using pattern recognition tools which define the regions of interest. The 4- D seismic data sets may be used for data completion for large scale structure where time intervals between surveys do not allow for dynamic evolution. The 4- D seismic data sets also may be used to find variations over time of small scale structure within individual reservoirs which may be used to identify petroleum drainage pathways, oil-water-gas regions and, hence, attractive drilling targets.

After spatial orientation, and amplitude and frequency matching of the multiple seismic data sets, High Amplitude Event HAE regions consistent with the presence of petroleum are identified using seismic attribute analysis. High Amplitude Regions are grown and interconnected to establish plumbing networks on the large scale and reservoir structure on the small scale.

Small scale variations over time between seismic surveys within individual reservoirs are identified and used to identify drainage patterns and bypassed petroleum to be recovered. The location of such drainage patterns and bypassed petroleum may be used to site wells.

Overview of fast algorithm in 3 D dynamic holographic display. However, huge 3 D information and data should be preceded and be computed in real time for generating the hologram in 3 D dynamic holographic display, and it is a challenge even for the most advanced computer. Many fast algorithms are proposed for speeding the calculation and reducing the memory usage, such as:look-up table LUT , compressed look-up table C-LUT , split look-up table S-LUT , and novel look-up table N-LUT based on the point-based method, and full analytical polygon-based methods, one-step polygon-based method based on the polygon-based method.

In this presentation, we overview various fast algorithms based on the point-based method and the polygon-based method, and focus on the fast algorithm with low memory usage, the C-LUT, and one-step polygon-based method by the 2 D Fourier analysis of the 3 D affine transformation.

John H. Murphy William H. Tinker George P. Jacobs Lyman Dayton Henry L. Lott W. Davidson Wm. Fisher Charles H. Oakes C. Borup Capt. Russell Blakely Rensselaer R. Nelson George L. Flandrau John B. Sanborn John R. Irvine Horace R. Bigelow Cushman K. Davis S. McMillan Willis A. Gorman John D. Ludden Elias F. Drake Norman W. Kittson Hascal R. Brill Ward W. Folsom [Pg xl] Gordon E. Cole James Smith, Jr. Whitcher T. Newson Alvaren Allen Harlan P. Dakota County. Crosby G. Le Duc Goodhue County. Hubbard William Colville Martin S.

Wilson Wabasha County. Tefft James Wells Winona County. Scenery Winona City Daniel S. Norton William Windom Charles H. Pierre Bottineau Andrew G. Dunnell James H. Baker Horace B. McDonald Thomas H. Armstrong Augustus Armstrong Moses K. Armstrong James B. Paul Railroad St. Stuntz on Lake Superior and St. Croix Canal Waterways Convention, E. Durant’s Valuable Statistics Resolution for St. Croix Ice Boats James W. Mullen’s Reminiscences, St. Croix Rev. Julius S.

Scott, Maj. Anderson, and Jeff. Davis Jeff. Military History of the Rebellion, to Gov. After mature deliberation we concluded to go West. Returning to Bloomfield, I collected the money held for me by Capt. Ruel Weston and was soon in readiness for the journey. But a few days before the time agreed upon for leaving, I received a letter from Simeon Goodrich, which contained the unpleasant information that he could not collect the amount due him and could not go with me.

Truly this was a disappointment. I was obliged to set out alone, no light undertaking at that early day, for as yet there were no long lines of railroad between Maine and the Mississippi river. The day at last arrived for me to start. My companions and acquaintances chaffed me as to the perils of the journey before me.

My mother gave me her parting words, “William, always respect yourself in order to be respected. The stage took us directly to the steamboat at Gardiner. The steam was up and the boat was soon under way. It was the New England, the first boat of the kind I had ever seen. I felt strangely unfamiliar with the ways of the traveling world, but observed what others did, and asked no questions, and so fancied that my ignorance of traveling customs would not be exposed.

It was sunset as we floated out into the wide expanse of the Atlantic. The western horizon was tinged with fiery hues, the shores grew fainter and receded from view and the eye could rest at last only upon the watery expanse.

All [Pg 2] things seemed new and strange. Next morning a heavy fog hung over the scene. The vessel was at anchor in Boston harbor and we were soon on shore and threading the crooked streets of the capital of Massachusetts. I was not lost in the wilderness maze of streets, as I had feared I should be, but on leaving Boston on the evening train I took the wrong car and found myself uncomfortably situated in a second or third class car, crowded and reeking with vile odors, from which the conductor rescued me, taking me to the pleasant and elegant car to which my first class ticket entitled me.

On arriving at Providence I followed the crowd to the landing and embarked on the steamer President for New York, in which city we remained a day, stopping at the City Hotel on Broadway. I was greatly impressed with the beauty of part of the city, and the desolate appearance of the Burnt District, concerning the burning of which we had read in our winter camp.

I was not a little puzzled with the arrangement of the hotel tables and the printed bills of fare, but closely watched the deportment of others and came through without any serious or mortifying blunder. Stevens for Albany, and on the evening of the same day went to Schenectady by railroad.

Some of the way cars were hauled by horses up hills and inclined planes. There were then only three short lines of railroad in the United States, and I had traveled on two of them.

At Schenectady I took passage on a canal boat to Buffalo. I had read about “De Witt Clinton’s Ditch,” and now greatly enjoyed the slow but safe passage it afforded, and the rich prospect of cities, villages and cultivated fields through which we passed.

At Buffalo we remained but one day. We there exchanged eastern paper for western, the former not being current in localities further west. At Buffalo I caught my first glimpse of Lake Erie.

I stood upon a projecting pier and recalled, in imagination, the brave Commodore Perry, gallantly defending his country’s flag in one of the most brilliant engagements of the war, the fame whereof had long been familiar to the whole country and the thrilling incidents of which were the theme of story and song even in the wilderness camps of Maine.

The steamer Oliver Newberry bore me from Buffalo to Detroit. From Detroit to Mt. Clemens, Michigan, I went by stage and stopped at the last named place until October 14th, when, being [Pg 3] satisfied that the climate was unhealthy, fever and ague being very prevalent, I returned to Detroit, and on the fifteenth of the same month took passage on the brig Indiana, as steamers had quit running for the season. The brig was aground two days and nights on the St.

Clair flats. A south wind gave us a splendid sail up the Detroit river into Lake Huron. We landed for a short time at Fort Gratiot, at the outlet of the lake, just as the sun was setting.

The fort was built of stone, and presented an impressive appearance. The gaily uniformed officers, the blue-coated soldiers, moving with the precision of machines, the whole scene—the fort, the waving flags, the movement of the troops seen in the mellow sunset light—was impressive to one who had never looked upon the like before.

A favorable breeze springing up, we sped gaily out into the blue Lake Huron. At Saginaw bay the pleasant part of the voyage ended. The weather became rough. A strong gale blew from the bay outward, and baffled all the captain’s skill in making the proper direction. Profane beyond degree was Capt. McKenzie, but his free-flowing curses availed him nothing. The brig at one time was so nearly capsized that her deck load had rolled to one side and held her in an inclined position.

The captain ordered most of the deck load, which consisted chiefly of Chicago liquors, thrown overboard. Unfortunately, several barrels were saved, two of which stood on deck, with open heads. This liquor was free to all. The vessel, lightened of a great part of her load, no longer careened, but stood steady against the waves and before the wind.

It is a pity that the same could not be said of captain, crew and passengers, who henceforth did the careening. They dipped the liquor up in pails and drank it out of handled dippers. They got ingloriously drunk; they rolled unsteadily across the deck; they quarreled, they fought, they behaved like Bedlamites, and how near shipwreck was the goodly brig from that day’s drunken debauch on Chicago free liquor will never be known.

The vessel toiled, the men were incapacitated for work, but notwithstanding the tempest of profanity and the high winds, the wrangling of crew and captain, we at last passed Saginaw bay. The winds were more favorable. Thence to Mackinaw the sky was clear and bright, the air cold. The night before reaching Mackinaw an unusual disturbance occurred above resulting from the abundance of free liquor.

The cook, being [Pg 4] drunk, had not provided the usual midnight supper for the sailors. The key of the caboose was lost; the caboose was broken open, and the mate in the morning was emulating the captain in the use of profane words. The negro cook answered in the same style, being as drunk as his superior. This cook was a stout, well built man, with a forbidding countenance and, at his best, when sober, was a saucy, ill-natured and impertinent fellow.

When threat after threat had been hurled back and forth, the negro jumped at the mate and knocked him down. The sailors, as by a common impetus, seized the negro, bound him tightly and lashed him to a capstan. On searching him they found two loaded pistols. These the mate placed close to each ear of the bound man, and fired them off.

They next whipped him on the naked back with a rope. His trunk was then examined and several parcels of poison were found. Another whipping was administered, and this time the shrieks and groans of the victim were piteous. Before he had not even winced.

The monster had prepared himself to deal death alike to crew and passengers, and we all felt a great sense of relief when Capt. McKenzie delivered him to the authorities at Mackinaw. Antique Mackinaw was a French and half-breed town.

The houses were built of logs and had steep roofs. Trading posts and whisky shops were well barred. The government fort, neatly built and trim, towered up above the lake on a rocky cliff and overlooked the town, the whole forming a picturesque scene. We remained but a few hours at Mackinaw. There were ten cabin passengers, and these, with two exceptions, had imbibed freely of the Chicago free liquor.

They were also continually gambling. McKenzie had fought a fist fight with a deadhead passenger, Capt. Fox, bruising him badly. What with his violence and profanity, the brutality of the mate and the drunken reveling of crew and passengers, the two sober passengers had but a sorry time, but the safe old brig, badly officered, badly managed, held steadily on its course, and October 30th, fifteen days from Detroit, safely landed us in Chicago.

After being so long on the deck of a tossing vessel, I experienced a strange sensation when first on shore. I had become accustomed to the motion of the vessel, and had managed to hold myself steady.

On shore the pitching and tossing movement seemed to continue, only it seemed transferred to my head, [Pg 5] which grew dizzy, and so produced the illusion that I was still trying to balance myself on the unsteady deck of the ship. Chicago, since become a great city, had at that time the appearance of an active, growing village.

Thence I proceeded, November 1st and 2d, by stage to Milwaukee, which appeared also as a village, but somewhat overgrown. Idle men were numerous, hundreds not being able to obtain employment.

Here I remained a couple of weeks, stopping at the Belleview House. After which I chopped wood a few days for Daniel Wells. Not finding suitable employment, I started west with a Mr. Rogers, December 2d. There being no other means of conveyance, we traveled on foot. On the evening of the second we stopped at Prairie Village, now known as Waukesha. On the evening of the third we stopped at Meacham’s Prairie, and on the fifth reached Rock River, where I stopped with a Mr.

The evening following we stopped at an Irish house, where the surroundings did not conduce to comfort or to a feeling of security. Several drunken men kept up a continuous row.

We hid our money in a haystack, and took our turn sleeping and keeping watch. We ate an early breakfast, and were glad to get away before the men who had created such a disturbance during the night were up. We moved onward on the seventh to Blue Mound, where we found a cheerful resting place at Brigham’s. The eighth brought us to Dodgeville, where we stopped at Morrison’s. On the ninth we reached Mineral Point, the locality of the lead mines, where I afterward lost much time in prospecting.

Mineral Point was then a rude mining town. The night of our arrival was one of excitement and hilarity in the place. The first legislature of the territory of Wisconsin had been in session at Belmont, near Mineral Point, had organized the new government and closed its session on that day. To celebrate this event and their emancipation from the government of Michigan and the location of the capital at Madison, the people from the Point, and all the region round about, had met and prepared a banquet for the retiring members of the legislature.

Madison was at that time a paper town, in the wilderness, but beautifully located on Cat Fish lake, and at the head of Rock river. The location had been accomplished by legislative tact, and a compromise between the extremes. In view of the almost certain division of the Territory, with the Mississippi river as a [Pg 6] boundary, at no very distant day, it was agreed that Madison should be the permanent capital, while Burlington, now in Iowa, should be used temporarily.

Milwaukee and Green Bay had both aspired to the honor of being chosen as the seat of government. Mineral Point, with her rich mines, had also aspirations, as had Cassville, which latter named village had even built a great hotel for the accommodation of the members of the assembly. Dubuque put in a claim, but all in vain.

Madison was chosen, and wisely, and she has ever since succeeded in maintaining the supremacy then thrust upon her. In my boyhood, at school, I had read of the great Northwest Territory. It seemed to me then far away, at the world’s end, but I had positively told my comrades that I should one day go there.

I found myself at last on the soil, and at a period or crisis important in its history. The immense territory had been carved and sliced into states and territories, and now the last remaining fragment, under the name of Wisconsin, had assumed territorial prerogatives, organized its government, and, with direct reference to a future division of territory, had selected its future capital, for as yet, except in name, Madison was not.

In assuming territorial powers, the boundaries had been enlarged so as to include part of New Louisiana, and the first legislature had virtually bartered away this part of her domain, of which Burlington, temporary capital of Wisconsin, was to be the future capital.

Two more days of foot plodding brought us to Galena, the city of lead. The greeting on our entering the city was the ringing of bells, the clattering of tin pans, the tooting of ox horns, sounds earthly and unearthly,—sounds no man can describe.

What could it be? Was it for the benefit of two humble, footsore pedestrians that all this uproar was produced? We gave it up for the time, but learned subsequently that it was what is known as a charivari, an unmusical and disorderly serenade, generally gotten up for the benefit of some newly married couple, whose nuptials had not met with popular approval.

At Galena I parted with Mr. Rogers, my traveling companion, who went south. On the fifteenth of December I traveled to Dubuque on foot. When I came to the Mississippi river I sat down on its banks and recalled the humorous description of old [Pg 7] Mr.

Carson, my neighbor, to which I had listened wonderingly when a small boy. The turtles in it were big as barn doors, and their shells would make good ferryboats if they could only be kept above water. Several persons desiring to cross, we made a portable bridge of boards, sliding them along with us till we were safe on the opposite bank. I was now at the end of my journey, on the west bank of the Mississippi, beyond which stretched a vast and but little known region, inhabited by Indians and wild beasts.

As I review the incidents of my journey in , I can not but contrast the conditions of that era and the present. How great the change in half a century! The journey then required thirty days. It now requires but three. I had passed over but two short lines of railroad, and had made the journey by canal boat, by steamer, by stage, and a large portion of it on foot. There were few regularly established lines of travel.

From Michigan to the Mississippi there were no stages nor were there any regular southern routes. Travelers to the centre of the continent, in those days, came either by the water route, via New Orleans or the Fox and Wisconsin river route, or followed Indian trails or blazed lines from one settlement to another.

The homes of the settlers were rude—were built principally of logs. In forest regions the farms consisted of clearings or square patches of open ground, well dotted with stumps and surrounded by a dense growth of timber.

The prairies, except around the margins or along certain belts of timber following the course of streams, were without inhabitants. Hotels were few and far between, and, when found, not much superior to the cabins of the settlers; but the traveler was always and at all places hospitably entertained. Dubuque was a town of about three hundred inhabitants, attracted thither by the lead mines. The people were principally of the mining class.

The prevailing elements amongst them were Catholic and Orange Irish. These two parties were antagonistic and would quarrel on the streets or wherever brought in contact. Sundays were especially days of strife, and Main [Pg 8] street was generally the field of combat. Women even participated. There was no law, there were no police to enforce order. The fight went on, the participants pulling hair, gouging, biting, pummeling with fists or pounding with sticks, till one or the other party was victorious.

These combats were also accompanied with volleys of profanity, and unlimited supplies of bad whisky served as fuel to the flame of discord. Dubuque was certainly the worst town in the West, and, in a small way, the worst in the whole country. The entire country west of the Mississippi was without law, the government of Wisconsin Territory not yet being extended to it.

Justice, such as it was, was administered by Judge Lynch and the mob. My first employment was working a hand furnace for smelting lead ore for a man named Kelly, a miner and a miser.

He lived alone in a miserable hovel, and on the scantiest fare. In January I contracted to deliver fifty cords of wood at Price’s brickyard. I cut the wood from the island in front of the present city of Dubuque, and hired a team to deliver it. While in Dubuque I received my first letter from home in seven months. What a relief it was, after a period of long suspense, spent in tediously traveling over an almost wilderness country,—amidst unpleasant surroundings, amongst strangers, many of them of the baser sort, drinking, card playing, gambling and quarreling,—what a relief it was to receive a letter from home with assurances of affectionate regard from those I most esteemed.

Truly the lines had not fallen to me in pleasant places, and I was sometimes exposed to perils from the lawless characters by whom I was surrounded. On one occasion a dissolute and desperate miner, named Gilbert, came to Cannon’s hotel, which was my boarding house while in Dubuque. He usually came over from the east side of the river once a week for a spree. On this occasion, being very drunk, he was more than usually offensive and commenced abusing Cannon, the landlord, applying to him some contemptuous epithet.

I thoughtlessly remarked to Cannon, “You have a new name,” upon which Gilbert cocked his pistol and aiming at me was about to fire when Cannon, quick as thought, struck at his arm and so destroyed his aim that the bullet went over my head.

The report of the pistol brought others to the room and a general melee ensued in which the bar [Pg 9] was demolished, the stove broken and Gilbert unmercifully whipped. Gilbert was afterward shot in a drunken brawl. I formed some genial acquaintances in Dubuque, amongst them Gen. Booth, Messrs. Brownell, Wilson and others, since well known in the history of the country.

Price, the wood contractor, never paid me for my work. I invested what money I had left for lots in Madison, all of which I lost, and had, in addition, to pay a note I had given on the lots. On February 11th I went to Cassville, journeying thither on the ice. This village had flourished greatly, in the expectation of becoming the territorial and state capital, expectations doomed, as we have seen, to disappointment. It is romantically situated amidst picturesque bluffs, some of which tower aloft like the walls and turrets of an ancient castle, a characteristic that attaches to much of the bluff scenery along this point.

I reached this old French town on the twelfth of February. The town and settlement adjacent extended over a prairie nine miles long, and from one to two miles broad, a beautiful plateau of land, somewhat sandy, but for many years abundantly productive, furnishing supplies to traders and to the military post established there. It also furnished two cargoes of grain to be used as seed by the starving settlement at Selkirk, which were conveyed thither by way of the Mississippi, St.

Peter and Red rivers. The earliest authentic mention of the place refers to the establishment of a post called St. Nicholas, on the east bank of the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Wisconsin, by Gov. De La Barre, who, in , sent Nicholas Perrot with a garrison of twenty men to hold the post. The first official document laying claim to the country on the Upper Mississippi, issued in , has mention of the fort.

This document we transcribe entire:. Croix, and at the mouth of the river St. Pierre Minnesota , on the bank of which were the Mantantans; and further up to the interior to the northeast of the Mississippi, as far as the Menchokatoux, with whom dwell the majority of the Songeskitens, and other Nadouessioux, who are to the northeast of the Mississippi, to take possession for, and in the name of, the king of the countries and rivers inhabited by the said tribes, and of which they are proprietors.

The present act done in our presence, signed with our hand and subscribed. There is little doubt that this post was held continuously by the French as a military post until , when the French authorities at Quebec withdrew all their troops from Wisconsin, and as a trader’s post or settlement, until the surrender in to the British of all French claims east of the Mississippi.

It was probably garrisoned near the close of the latter period. It remained in the possession of the French some time, as the English, thinking it impossible to compete for the commerce of the Indian tribes with the French traders who had intermarried with them, and so acquired great influence, did not take actual possession until many years later. The post is occasionally mentioned by the early voyageurs, and the prairie which it commanded was known as the “Prairie du Chien,” or praire of the dog, as early as , and is so mentioned by Carver.

It was not formally taken possession of by the United States until , when Gov. Clarke with two hundred men came up from St. Louis to Prairie du Chien, then under [Pg 11] English rule, to build a fort and protect American interests at the village.

At that time there were about fifty families, descended chiefly from the old French settlers. These were engaged chiefly in farming, owning a common field four miles long by a half mile wide. They had outside of this three separate farms and twelve horse mills to manufacture their produce.

The fort, held by a few British troops under Capt. Deace, surrendered without resistance, but soon after the British traders at Mackinaw sent an expedition under Joe Rolette, Sr. They were followed by the Indians as far as Rock Island. Meanwhile, Lieut. Campbell, with reinforcements on his way from St. Louis, was attacked, part were captured and the remainder of his troops driven back to St.

Late in Maj. Zachary Taylor proceeded with gunboats to chastize the Indians for their attack on Campbell, but was himself met and driven back. The following year, on the declaration of peace between Great Britain and America, the post at Prairie du Chien was evacuated.

The garrison fired the fort as they withdrew from it. The fort erected by the Americans under Gen. Clarke in was called Fort Shelby. The British, on capturing it, changed the name to Fort McKay. The Americans, on assuming possession and rebuilding it, named it Fort Crawford. It stood on the bank of the river at the north end of St. Friole, the old French village occupied in by the Dousmans. In the new Fort Crawford was built on an elevated site about midway in the prairie.

It was a strong military post and was commanded at this time by Gen. Zachary Taylor. Many officers, who subsequently won distinction in the Florida Indian, Mexican, and late Civil War, were stationed here from time to time.

Within a time included in my own recollections of the post, Jefferson Davis spirited away the daughter of his commanding officer, Gen. Taylor, and married her, the “rough and ready” general being averse to the match.

By that name it has been known and recognized [Pg 12] ever since. It has been successively under the French, English and United States governments, and lying originally in the great Northwestern Territory, in the subsequent divisions of that immense domain, it has been included within the bounds of the territories of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

Fisher and —— Campbell as justices of the peace, the first civil commissions issued for the American government in the entire district of country including West Wisconsin and Minnesota east of the Mississippi. Prior to this time, about , the inhabitants had been chiefly under military rule. In the county of Crawford was organized as a part of Michigan Territory, and blank commissions were issued to Nicholas Boilvin, Esq. Johnson was installed as chief justice of the county court.

The entire corps of officers were qualified. In January, , Congress passed an act providing for circuit courts in the counties west and north of Lake Michigan, and James Duane Doty was appointed judge for the district composed of Brown, Mackinaw and Crawford counties, and a May term was held in Prairie du Chien the same year.

Indian Troubles. There were other incidents which may be worthy of separate mention. In an entire family, named Methode, were murdered, as is supposed, by the Indians, though the murderers were never identified. The great incentive to violence and rapine with the Indians was whisky. An intelligent Winnebago, aged about sixty years, told me that “paganini,” “firewater” whisky , was killing the great majority of his people, and making fools and cripples of those that were left; that before the pale faces came to the big river his people were good hunters and had plenty to eat; that now they were drunken, lazy and hungry; that they once wore elk or deer skins, that now they were clad in blankets or went naked.

This Indian I had never seen drunk. The American Fur Company had huts or open houses where the Indians might drink and revel. At an Indian payment a young, smart looking Indian got [Pg 13] drunk and in a quarrel killed his antagonist. The friends of the murdered Indian held a council and determined that the murderer should have an opportunity of running for his life. The friends of the murdered Indian formed in a line, at the head of which was stationed the brother of the dead man, who was to lead in the pursuit.

At a signal the bands of the prisoner were cut, and with a demoniacal yell he bounded forward, the entire line in swift and furious pursuit. Should he outrun his pursuers, he would be free; should they overtake and capture him, they were to determine the mode of his death. He ran nearly a mile when he tripped and fell. The brother of the dead Indian, heading the pursuit, pounced upon him and instantly killed him with a knife.

Considering the fact that the Indians were gathered together under the guns of a United States fort, and under the protection of a law expressly forbidding the sale of intoxicating liquors to them, the people of the United States were certainly justified in expecting better results, not only in regard to the protection of the frontier settlers but for that of the Indians themselves.

All came to naught because of the non-enforcement of law. Liquors were shamelessly sold to the Indians and they were encouraged to drunken revelry and orgies by the very men who should have protected and restrained them. The prosperity of Prairie du Chien depended upon the Indian trade, and upon government contracts which the presence of a military force rendered necessary.

The Indians gathered here in great numbers. Here the Winnebagoes, part of the Menomonies and some Chippewas received their annuities, and here centred also an immense trade from the American Fur Company, the depot being a large stone building on the banks of the Mississippi, under the charge of Hercules Dousman.

Two discharged soldiers Thompson and Evans living at Patch Grove, thirteen miles away, visited the fort often. On a morning after one of their visits a soldier on guard noticed a heap of fresh earth near the magazine. An alarm was given, an examination made, and it was found that the magazine had been burst open with bars and sledge hammers, entrance having been [Pg 14] obtained by digging under the corner picket. The kegs had been passed through the excavation underneath the picket.

One keg had burst open near the picket, and the silver was found buried in the sand. The second keg burst on the bank of the Mississippi, and all the money was found buried there except about six hundred dollars. The third keg was found months after by John Brinkman, in the bottom of the river, two miles below the fort. He was spearing fish by torchlight, when he chanced to find the keg. The keg he delivered at the fort and received a small reward.

On opening the keg it was found to contain coin of a different kind from that advertised as stolen. Brinkman, however, made no claims on account of errors. Thompson, Evans, and a man named Shields were arrested by the civil authorities on suspicion; their trial was continued from term to term and they were at last dismissed. One man, who had seen the silver in the sand during the day and gone back at night to fill his pockets, was seized by a soldier on guard, imprisoned for a year, and discharged.

A Frenchman shot and killed a couple of tame geese belonging to a neighbor, supposing them to be wild. Discovering his mistake, he brought the geese to the owner, a Dutchman, who flew into a great rage, but took the geese and used them for his own table, in addition to which he had the goose-killer arrested and tried before Martin Savall, a justice of the peace.

The defendant admitted the killing of the geese, the plaintiff admitted receiving them and using them for food, nevertheless the justice gave judgment in favor of plaintiff by the novel ruling that these geese, if not killed, would have laid eggs and hatched about eight goslings. The defendant was therefore fined three dollars for the geese killed, and eight dollars for the goslings that might have been hatched if the geese had been permitted to live, and costs besides.

Plaintiff appealed to the district court which reversed the decision on the ground that plaintiff had eaten his geese, and the goslings, not being hatched, did not exist. Plaintiff paid the costs of the suit, forty-nine dollars, remarking that a Dutchman had no chance in this country; that he would go back to Germany.

The judge remarked that it would be the best thing he could do. My original plan on leaving Maine was to make a prospecting tour through the West and South. I had been in Prairie du Chien for a season, and as soon as my contract to cut hay for the fort and my harvesting work was done.

I started, with two of my comrades, in a birch bark canoe for New Orleans. This mode of traveling proving slow and tedious, after two days, on our arrival at Dubuque, we sold our canoe and took passage on the steamer Smelter for St.

Louis, which place we reached on the seventeenth of October. We remained five days, stopping at the Union Hotel. Louis was by far the finest and largest city I had yet seen in the West. Its levee was crowded with drays and other vehicles and lined with steamers and barges.

Its general appearance betokened prosperity. On the twenty-second, I left on the steamer George Collier for New Orleans, but the yellow fever being reported in that city, I remained several days at Baton Rouge. New Orleans was even then a large and beautiful city. Its levee and streets were remarkable for their cleanness, but seemed almost deserted. Owing to a recent visitation of the yellow fever and the financial crisis of , business was almost suspended.

To browse Academia. Orencio Duran. Janos Kertesz. Granular materials, which are essentially large conglomerations of macroscopic solid particles, are relevant for many different areas of science and technology.

Their study forms a wide interdisciplinary research field attracting the interest of physicists, applied mathematicians, geologists, as well as chemical, civil, mechanical, and agricultural engineers. Dierk Raabe. Modelling physical phenomena across the scales is a veritable challenge for scientific computing.

Due to the complexity of the problems involved, rigorous and predictive bottom-up approaches are quite rare and largely remain a task for future research. In this context, it is of great interest to develop models which allow to efficiently incorporate the essential effects originating from a large number of interactions at a smaller scale in a description of the system behavior at a larger scale. Ha Bui.

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Frozen Gaussian approximation for 3 D seismic tomography. Three-dimensional 3 D wave-equation-based seismic tomography is computationally challenging in large scales and high-frequency regime. In this paper, we apply the frozen Gaussian approximation FGA method to compute 3 D sensitivity kernels жмите сюда seismic tomography of high-frequency. Rather than standard ray theory used in seismic inversion e.

Kirchhoff migration and Gaussian beam migrationFGA is used to compute the 3 D high-frequency sensitivity kernels for travel-time or full waveform inversions. Moreover, a fast summation method is proposed based on local fast Fourier transform which greatly improves the speed of reconstruction as the last step txb FGA algorithm. We apply FGA to both the travel-time adjoint tomography and full waveform inversion FWI on synthetic crosswell seismic data with dominant frequencies as high as those of real crosswell data, and confirm again that FWI requires a more sophisticated initial velocity model for the convergence than travel-time adjoint tomography.

We also numerically test the accuracy of applying FGA to local earthquake tomography. This study paves the way to directly apply wave-equation-based seismic tomography methods into windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn data around their dominant frequencies. Seismic wave travel time calculation is the most common numerical operation in seismology. The most efficient is travel time calculation in 1 D velocity model – страница given source, receiver depths and angular distance time is calculated within fraction of a second.

Unfortunately, in most cases 1 D is not enough to encounter differentiating local and regional structures. Whenever possible travel time through 3 D velocity model has to be calculated.

It can be achieved using ray calculation or time propagation in space. While single ray path calculation is quick it is complicated to find the ray path that connects source with the receiver. Time propagation in space using Fast Marching Method seems more efficient in most cases, especially windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn there are multiple receivers.

In this presentation final release of a Python module py Seismic FMM is presented – simple and very efficient tool for calculating travel time from sources to receivers. Calculation requires regular 2 D or 3 D velocity grid either in Cartesian or geographic coordinates. On desktop class computer calculation speed is k grid cells per second. Calculation has to be performed itzsca for every source location and provides travel time to all receivers. Development of this tool is a part of authors Ph D thesis.

Fast 3 Windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn elastic micro- seismic source location using new GPU features. In this paper, we describe new GPU features and their applications in passive seismic – micro- seismic location. Locating micro- seismic events dowjload quite important in seismic exploration, especially when searching for unconventional oil and gas resources. Different from the traditional sio methods, the wave equation method, such as the method we use in our paper, has a remarkable advantage источник adapting to ittasca signal-to-noise ratio conditions and does not need a person to select the data.

However, because it has a conspicuous deficiency due to its computation cost, these methods are windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn widely used in industrial fields. To make the method useful, we implement imaging-like wave equation micro- seismic location in a 3 D elastic media and use GPU to accelerate our algorithm. We also introduce some new GPU features into the implementation to solve the data transfer and GPU utilization problems.

We have developed a new cost-efficient technology for acquisition of high-resolution 3 D seismic data: the P-Cable system. This technology is very well suited for deep water exploration, site surveys, and studies of shallow gas and fluid migration associated with gas hydrates or leaking reservoirs.

It delivers unparalleled 3 D seismic images of subsurface sediment architectures. The P-Cable system consists of a seismic cable towed perpendicular to a vessel’s steaming direction. This configuration allows us to image an up to m wide swath of the sub-surface for each sail line. Conventional 3 D seismic technology relies on several very long streamers up to 10 km long streamers are commonlarge sources, and costly operations. In contrast, the P-Cable system is light-weight and fast to deploy from small vessels.

Only a small source is required as the system is made for relatively shallow imaging, typically above the first water-bottom multiple. The P-Cable system is particularly useful for acquisition of small 3 D cubes, km2, in focus areas, rather than extensive mapping of large regions. The rapid deployment and recovery of the system makes it possible to acquire several small cubes downloxd to 30 km2 with high-resolution Windowe seismic data in during one cruise.

Field trials using a streamer system were conducted on sites with active fluid-leakage systems on the Norwegian-Barents-Svalbard margin, the Gulf of Cadiz, and the Mediterranean.

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Seismic wave propagation and amplification in complex media is a major issue in the field of seismology. To compute seismic wave propagation in complex geological structures such as in alluvial basins, various numerical methods have been proposed.

The main advantage of the Boundary Element Method BEM is that only the domain boundaries and possibly interfaces are discretized, leading to a reduction of the number of degrees of freedom. The main drawback of the standard BEM is that the governing matrix is full and non- symmetric, which gives windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn to high computational and memory costs.

In other windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn where the BEM is used electromagnetism, acousticsconsiderable speedup of solution time and decrease of memory requirements have been achieved through the development, over the last decade, of the Fast Multipole Method FMM. Moreover, the governing matrix is never explicitly formed, which leads to a storage requirement well below the memory necessary for holding the complete matrix.

In this work, windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn FMM is extended to the 3 – D frequency-domain elastodynamics and applied download windows pro bagas31 the computation of seismic wave propagation in 3 – D. First, the diffraction of a перейти wave or a point source by a 3 – D canyon is studied. The influence of the size of the meshed part of the free surface is studied, and computations are performed for non- dimensional frequencies higher than those considered in other studies thanks to the use of the FM-BEMwith which comparisons are made whenever possible.

The method is also applied to analyze the diffraction of a plane wave or a point source by a 3 – D alluvial basin.

A parametrical study is performed on txj effect of the shape of the basin. Time-lapse seismic – repeatability versus usefulness and 2 D versus 3 D. Time-lapse seismic has developed rapidly over windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn past decades, especially for monitoring of oil and gas reservoirs and subsurface storage of CO2. I will review and discuss some of the critical enabling factors for the commercial success of this technology.

It was early realized that how well downpoad are able to repeat our seismic dkwnload is crucial. However, it is always a question of detectability versus repeatability.

For marine seismicthere are several factors limiting the repeatability: Weather conditions, positioning of sources and receivers and so on. I will discuss recent improvements in both acquisition and processing methods over the last decade. It is well itascca that repeated 3 D seismic data is the most accurate tool for reservoir monitoring purposes.

However, several examples show that 2 D seismic data may be used for monitoring purposes despite lower repeatability. I will use examples from an underground blow out in the North Sea, and repeated 2 D seismic lines acquired before and after the Tohoku earthquake in to illustrate this. A major challenge when using repeated 2 D seismic for subsurface monitoring purposes is the lack of 3 D по этому адресу points and significantly winsows amount of data.

For marine seismic acquisition, feathering issues and crossline dip effects become more critical compared to itaaca D seismic acquisition. Furthermore, the uncertainties arising from a non-ideal 2 D seismic acquisition are hard to assess, since the 3 D subsurface geometry has not been mapped. One way to shed more light on this challenge is to use 3 D time lapse seismic modeling testing various crossline dips or geometries.

Other ways are to use alternative data sources, such as bathymetry, time lapse gravity or electromagnetic data. The end result for all time-lapse monitoring projects is an interpretation associated with uncertainties, and for the 2 D case these uncertainties are often large. The purpose of this talk itasac to discuss how to reduces and control these. Fast Script 3 D is a нажмите чтобы перейти program, written in the Java windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn D TM programming language, узнать больше establishes an alternative language that helps users sownload lack expertise in Java 3 D to use Java 3 D for constructing three-dimensional 3 D -appearing graphics.

The Fast Script 3 D language provides a set of simple, intuitive, one-line text-string commands for creating, controlling, and animating 3 D models. The first word in a string is the name of a command; the rest of the string contains the data arguments for the windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn.

The commands can also be used as an aid to learning Java 3 D. Developers can extend the language by adding custom text-string commands.

The commands can define 17703 3 D objects or load representations of 3 D objects from files in formats compatible with such other software systems as X 3 D. The text strings can be easily integrated into other languages. Fast Script 3 D facilitates communication between scripting languages [which enable programming of hyper-text markup language HTML windoows to interact with users] and Java 3 D. The Fast Script 3 D language can be extended and customized on both the scripting side and the Java 3 D side.

ActiveSeismoPick 3 D – automatic first arrival windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn for large active seismic arrays. We developed a tool for automatic determination of first arrivals in active seismic data based on an approach, that utilises higher order statistics HOS and the Akaike information criterion AICcommonly used in seismology, but not in active seismics. Automatic picking is highly desirable in active seismics as the number of data provided by large seismic arrays rapidly exceeds of what an analyst can evaluate in a reasonable amount of time.

To bring the functionality of automatic phase picking into the context of active data, the software package ActiveSeismoPick 3 D was developed in Python. It uses a modified algorithm for the determination of first arrivals which searches for the HOS maximum in unfiltered data.

Additionally, it offers tools for manual quality control and postprocessing, e. For flexibility, the tool also includes methods for the preparation of geometry information of large seismic arrays and improved interfaces http://replace.me/16245.txt the Fast Marching Tomography Package Смотрите подробнееwhich can be used for the prediction of travel times and inversion for subsurface properties.

Output files are generated in the VTK format, allowing the 3 D visualization of e. As a test case, a data set consisting of traces from 64 shots was gathered, recorded at receivers deployed in a regular windows 10 1703 download iso itasca txn D array of a size of x m. ActiveSeismoPick 3 D automatically checks the determined first arrivals by a dynamic signal to noise ratio threshold. Integrated workstation generated structure, isopach and extracted horizon consistent, interval and windowed attributes are particularly useful in illustrating the complex structural and stratigraphical prospectivity of deepwater Dowload.

Large 3 – D seismic volumes acquired over square kilometers can be manipulated within the visualization system with attribute tracking capability that allows for real time data interrogation and interpretation. Itascaa in classical seismic stratigraphic studies, patternmore » recognition is fundamental to effective depositions facies interpretation and reservoir model construction. The 3 – D perspective enhances the data interpretation through clear representation of relative scale, spatial distribution and magnitude of attributes.

In deepwater Nigeria, many prospective traps rely on an interplay between syndepositional structure and slope turbidite depositional systems. Reservoir systems in many prospects appear to be dominated by unconfined to moderately focused slope feeder channel facies. These units have spatially complex facies architecture with feeder channel axes separated by extensive interchannel areas.

Structural culminations generally have a history of initial compressional folding with downloaf in extensional collapse and accommodation faulting. The resulting complex trap configurations often have stacked reservoirs over intervals as thick as meters. Exploration, appraisal and development scenarios in these settings can be адрес страницы by taking full advantage of integrating high resolution 3 – D visualization and seismic workstation interpretation.

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